<p>Strand Theater, now called the Strand Center Theatre, is a historic theater located at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. It was built in 1924 as the premier theater in Plattsburgh and designed in the Classical Revival style. It consists of a vestibule, main lobby, mezzanine, auditorium, and stage with supporting spaces. It has seating for 950 people.</p><br>
<p>It was in continuous use as a movie theater until 2005, when it was purchased by the North Country Cultural Center for the Arts (NCCCA) with the goal of restoring it to its historic grandeur. This restoration took 10 years and $4 million to complete. In 2014 the NCCCA changed its legal name to The Strand Center for the Arts which includes this beautiful Strand Center Theatre but also the Federal Building next door which houses administration, gallery space and arts education classes.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Soulé Steam Feed Works is a historic business founded in Meridian, Mississippi in 1891 by George Soulé. The complex was listed as a contributing property to Union Station Historic District, which was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 under the Meridian Multiple Resource Area . It was listed as a Mississippi Landmark in 2003. The business, known for its many patented innovations in steam engine technology, reached its height around the turn of the century, producing products that were sold around the world.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Mississippi Industrial Heritage Museum obtained the lease to the complex and has operated there since. The city holds an annual Soulé Live Steam Festival at the complex attracting thousands of people from around the nation.</p><br>
<h2>George Soulé</h2><br>
<p>George Wilberforce Soulé, founder of Soulé Steam Feed Works, was born in Buffalo, New York in 1849. He was a descendant of another George Soule who came to America on the Mayflower. At the age of one, he and his father, Isaac, moved to Wisconsin. When young George was 20 years old, his father died, and he decided to leave the family farm and pursue his own livelihood. Despite having obtained less than one year of formal education, he served as a school teacher for one three-month term before heading south to end up in Morton, Mississippi, in 1875. He had originally missed a ship to Cuba, but stayed at several businesses in Morton and Shubuta, Mississippi, before moving his operations to Meridian in 1879. Businesses operated by Soulé upon entering Meridian included a turpentine company, a lumber company, a cotton gin, and a manufacturer&#39;s representative. Before he moved to Meridian, he was involved in a railroad accident in March 1876 in which he lost his left leg and four toes of his right foot.</p><br>
<p>Soulé founded two other companies before Steam Feed Works, the Southern Standard Cotton Press Company and the Progress Manufacturing Company. Short of money after his railroad accident, he decided to build his own cotton press for his fledgling cotton gin. The invention was simpler and less expensive than those on the market and attracted wide attention. Soulé called his invention the Southern Standard Cotton Press and founded the company around this machine. In 1881, two years after he moved the business to Meridian, the company sold 750 cotton presses all over the South.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, Soulé sold the Southern Standard Press after founding Progress Manufacturing in 1894, and invented the Ideal Hay-Press for use in the new company. This new business was located on 5th Street between 26th and 27th Avenues and grew to include a foundry and machine shop. Looking to invent more, he turned over active management to Progress Manufacturing in 1888 and began working on a small rotary engine. He sold Progress Manufacturing in 1891 and established Steam Feed Works. The business was incorporated in 1893. In total, Soulé patented over 40 items during his lifetime, including the Success Cotton Seed Huller and an improved version of the sugar mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, when the new Steam Feed Works had become well-established, Soulé found a country home in Santa Rosa County, Florida. He began to turn much of the company over to his son, Clyde, and spent more of his time in Florida, before returning to Meridian in 1917, where he stayed until his death on December 21, 1922. During his life he had two wives – Olivia Sherman Warren in 1873 and Constance Gara in 1907, two years after his former wife&#39;s death – and nine children. One of his grand children, also named George Soulé, was an influential R&B songwriter in the 1960s and 70s.</p><br>
<h2>Steam Feed Works</h2><br>
<h3>Complex</h3><br>
<p>Soulé Steam Feed Works was originally located at the corner of 25th Avenue and 5th Street. The first building built on the companys present lot was built between 1890 and 1892 was formerly the Meridian Candy Factory. After the building was devastated by fire, George Soulé bought it and turned it into a machine shop, assembly area, and office for the up-and-coming business, which would later relocate there. The two-story buildings facade was originally brick, but a layer of lime cement stucco was added in the 1930s, and a second layer was added in the late 1960s. Inside the building is an 8 ft x 12 ft fireproof vault, which holds the original company records. Above the vault, the company is written in gold. The vault was added after an 1895 fire destroyed George Soulé&#39;s office and the records in it.</p><br>
<p>A second building was added on to the side of the original building in 1907, and the downstairs of the original building was converted into a mill supply store. Belt-driven machines are operated by a 100 ft line drive shaft that stretches almost the entire length of the building. was powered by an electric motor dating from the early 1920s. There is also a blacksmith shop and two forges in the building, both of which are powered by the drive shaft. A belt-driven wooden freight elevator was used to take finished castings to the assembly room upstairs and lower the finished products back downstairs. A system of rails and cranes allowed this heavy machinery and other items to be transported easily to the elevator and throughout the building. The crane system could also move items to the foundry (built in 1917) and the machine shop, as well as out to the street. There is a steam engine factory on the second floor of the building which contains another 25 ft shaft that was driven by the main downstairs shaft. Fans were attached to this smaller shaft to keep the area cool during the summer.</p><br>
<p>In October 1907 when the second building was built, Soulé employed 23 people in the foundry department and 23 machinists, making 46 total employees. By May 1917, the total number had dropped to 31 due to the shortage of manpower during World War I, but employee totals increased again after the war, averaging 50 people between 1922 and 1945. Employees were paid an average of 50 to 70 cents per hour – the highest paying jobs in Meridian at the time – and the foreman and supervisors would receive a weekly cash stipend of $7–9. Workers would be on duty six days a week for an average of nine hours per day.</p><br>
<p>A third building, the foundry, was added to the complex in 1917, and additions were made from 1923-25. A cupola furnace that pre-dates the building itself was installed near the western end of the building and used to melt iron until a modern electric furnace was added in the 1970s. Both furnaces still exist in the building, and both can be used at the same time. In 1977 a Vulcan Engineering NoBake System was added. A fourth and fifth building were also added in the 1920s, although they were only used as storage and added no extra manufacturing ability to the complex.</p><br>
<p>Though during its peak the company produced and shipped many of its products around the world, after World War II, the company focused on the local and regional market. The upstairs of the original 1892 building was converted into storage in the 1950s. Other changes were also made in the latter half of the 20th century, including dividing the office space in the original building into cubicles, covering walls with Masonite board, and covering the floors with sheet vinyl. The Mississippi Industrial Heritage Museum received the title to the building in December 2003 and restored the building largely to its 1920s appearance.</p><br>
<h3>Products</h3><br>
<p>The company is most widely known for serving the lumber industry that boomed from about 1885 to the 1930s. At the turn of the century, steam was the only portable and dependable source of power, and the Soulé Rotary Steam Engine was patented in 1896. The engine was used from 1892 to 1922 to drive sawmill carriages, which would help feed lumber into a spinning saw blade. The engine could also power winches to load and unload logs to and from railroad cars and wagons. A total of 2,300 engines were built at the plant and sold around the world; a few are still in operation in Australia and India.</p><br>
<p>The Soulé Spee-D-Twin, a two-cylinder reciprocating steam engine, was designed in 1922 and patented in 1923. Being much more efficient than its predecessor, the Spee-D-Twin became the favorite among sawmill operators. The engine featured a valve that allowed the engine to operate in both forward and reverse, and its small size allowed it to be retrofitted onto an existing carriage. When in full operation, the factory could produce one Spee-D-Twin per day. The company built and sold 4,301 Spee-D-Twins between 1923 and 1984 to people in all fifty states and internationally as well.</p><br>
<p>Soulé Steam Feed Works also patented the Simplex Automatic Lumber Edge Stacker in 1897, which would automate the process of stacking lumber. The first Edge Stacker was instaled in the mill of Camp & Hinton Company in Lumberton, Mississippi in July 1895, and more than 100 were installed around the nation. Some notable mills in which Soulé Stackers were instaled include the Great Southern Lumber Company in Bogalusa, Louisiana; Grays Harbor Commercial Company in Cosmopolis, Washington; and Potlatch Lumber Company in Elk River, Idaho.</p><br>
<p>Other products manufactured and sold by Soulé Steam Feed Works include the St. Bernard Saw Mill Dog, which would allow mills to extract lumber not only from large logs but from smaller ones as well. A.D. Hunter, an employee of Steam Feed Works, invented a plane-to-plane air refueling device while at work, which was used during Fred and Al Key&#39;s record-breaking endurance flight in 1935. Another employee, David Stephenson, fabricated the aluminum catwalk used during the flight to perform maintenance on the plane.</p><br>
<h2>Soulé Live Steam Festival</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in October 2003, the Mississippi Industrial Heritage Museum began holding the Soulé Live Steam Festival, which showcases the history of steam engines, for which the company is most widely known. The festival has grown every year since and is the only steam show in the United States held at an actual steam engine factory.</p><br>
<p>The 2008 festival attracted nearly 2,000 people from 10 states to downtown Meridian. A Watts-Campbell Corliss steam engine, built in 1905, had been offered to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., but they already had one, so it was given to the Mississippi Industrial Heritage Museum and installed during that year. The museum also owns the last steam engine ever built by the company.</p><br>
<p>The seventh annual festival in 2009 attracted several thousand visitors from 15 states and one foreign country. The event was also expanded to two days. During the event, the Watts-Campbell Corliss engine acquired in 2008 was demonstrated as well as an 1870 Manchester engine. Other steam engines were also brought in by the public and put on display. A portable sawmill was demonstrated as well.</p><br>
<p>Other demonstrations that regularly appear at the festival include blacksmith, broom-making, and pottery wheel demonstrations, as well as the operation of an antique print shop. Most of the displays at the festival have working examples that blow whistles, emit steam, and cut logs. Alabama Art Casting also holds an annual molten iron pour.</p><br>
<p>The Canton Township MPS is a multiple property submission, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. A multiple property submission is a group of related structures that share a common theme. The Canton Township MPS consists of eleven houses  built between 1825 and 1904 and located in Canton Township, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Early History and Settlement</h2><br>
<p>Although lands around Detroit had been settled since the early 18th century, it took considerably longer for interior parts of Michigan to attract settlers. After the American Revolution, the United States began plans to expand into what was then the Northwest Territory. However, the British still held onto some trading posts in the area, and the Native Americans still held legal title to most of Michigan. The War of 1812 removed the British from the area, and a series of treaties with area tribes removed most obstacles to settlement.</p><br>
<p>However, it was commonly believed that the interior of Michigan was of poor quality: Edward Tiffin, surveyor general of the United States in the 1810s, reported that the area consisted primarily of swamps, likes, and poor sandy soil. Thus, most early settlers headed for more southerly (and more easily accessible) lands near the Ohio River, and surveying in Michigan wasn&#39;t begun until 1815.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, settlers (primarily from New York and New England) made it into the area. The first purchasers of land in Canton Township were Philander and Samuel Burd, who filed on May 30, 1825. A week later, Timothy Sheldon (builder of the Sheldon Inn) and Lucretia Downer purchased property; by the end of 1825 thirteen people had settled in the township. The opening of the Erie Canal in October 1825 made the journey to Michigan easier and spurred settlement in Michigan. Land purchases in Canton Township peaked in 1833, and all but 14 of the 328 parcels were sold by 1836. By the 1840 census, the population of Canton Township was 1081.</p><br>
<p>Many families whose houses are included in this MPS were among the first wave of settlers purchasing property in Canton. Timothy Sheldon built his Sheldon Inn in 1825 shortly after he arrived in the area. Moses Bradford (Benjamins brother) also arrived in 1825, and John Patterson arrived in 1826. Elisha Kinyon, Orrins father, bought land in 1831; both Orrin Kinyon and Benjamin Bradford purchased their own farms in 1835. These families, as were the bulk of Canton&#39;s early settlers, traveled from New York and New England to Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Later History</h2><br>
<p>A second wave of settlers arrived in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Unlike the first settlers from New England, this second wave consisted primarily of immigrants from Central Europe. Two houses built by German immigrants or their descendants, the Phillip and Maria Hasselbach Dingledey House and the John and Edna Truesdell Fischer Farmstead.</p><br>
<p>For the remainder of the century, the population of the area remained relatively stable, and farmland was passed from generation to generation. Whereas the early settlers engaged in subsistence farming, their descendants were able to turn farming into a business, with many going into the dairy business. In the twentieth century, farmers turned to market farming, delivering their produce and other goods to markets in Detroit and other area cities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Many of the early settlers in Canton Township were from New York and New England. These pioneers brought Greek Revival-style architecture with them and implemented it when they constructed their own houses. All pre-1865 houses on this MPS were originally constructed in the Greek Revival style, although one (the Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett House) was later updated with Victorian elements.</p><br>
<p>As the nineteenth century progressed, the local family farms prospered, and the farmers grew more affluent. This economic success was reflected in the increasing size and modernity of the houses built in Canton Township. Earlier houses were updated and/or enlarged as the residents were able to afford more space. At the same time, architectural styles changed, with later houses being of an upright and wing or gabled-ell design. Near the end of the century, typically Victorian house forms, Stick-Eastlake and Queen Anne were also used.</p><br>
<h3>Houses in MPS</h3><br>
<p>White&#39;s Tavern  is a historic former tavern on Hutchinson Road in Andover, Connecticut. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood-framed structure, five bays wide with two interior chimneys. The windows are evenly spaced within a narrower area than the full width of the building, rather than being uniformly spaced across the main facade. The building has been divided into two living units. It was built in 1773 by Daniel White, and was in use as a tavern when the French Army marched through the area in 1781, camping just to the north of the tavern. The Marquis de Chastellux was among the French officers who stayed here. The building is also architecturally significant as a well-preserved 18th century tavern house.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1991. The adjoining stretch of Hutchinson Road is separately listed on the NRHP as March Route Rochambeau&#39;s Army-Hutchinson Road.</p><br>
<p>The Heidbrink is a hill which lies south of Lübbecke in central Germany and, at, is the highest peak in the Wiehen Hills. It is also the highest elevation in the district of Minden-Lübbecke in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Its height is commonly given as 320 metres.</p><br>
<p>About 200 yards east of the summit is a transmission tower for television and radio links and a wayside hut for walkers. The mast has a paved access road from the B 239.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the Heidbrink itself is in a small open area and, until 2008, was marked by a boulder. Due to the surrounding high trees the view is blocked to the north; to the south can parts of the Ravensberg Basin be seen.</p><br>
<p>The Ronceva rises on the western slope of the mountain. To the north are the peaks of the Reineberg, 276 m above sea level, and the Heidkopf, 273 m. The southern flank of the mountain drops steeply to the hamlet of Ahlsen-Reineberg in the municipality of Hüllhorst.</p><br>
<p>The ridgeway (Kammweg) passes over the top of the mountain. It forms the boundary between the town of Lübbecke and the municipality of Hüllhorst. The ridgeway runs as a footpath (the Wittekindsweg) along the Wiehen ridge from Osnabrück to Porta Westfalica, and links the Heidbrink with the Straußberg (276 m) in the east, and the Horsthöhe (275 m) and Kniebrink (315 m) in the west.</p><br>
<p>To mark the highest point on the Heidbrink a five-ton sandstone block with strong iron deposits, typical of the local Wiehen Hills, was set up on 24 May 2008. According to information boards by the TERRA.vita Nature Park, members of the Lübbecke marketing association (Stadtmarketingverein) and the municipal curator of Hüllhorst have marked the route to the "highest stone" with their own symbol. These are sometimes signposts, sometimes coloured markings, on wayside tree trunks. The symbol, the letter "H" on a hill symbol, is meant to be linked with the name and the appearance of the hill.</p><br>
<p>At the new summit stone are two tablets; the upper one describes the Heidbrink as the highest hill in the Wiehen range; the lower panel lists the sponsors of this marketing campaign.</p><br>
<p>The new summit stone is not in the same place as the old and rather less imposing summit stone, but about 20 metres east. The original stone was removed during the work to set up the new one. But it appears that the original spot had marked the exact peak, but was not so obviously recognisable from the main footpath.</p><br>
<p>Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas, now better known as Presidio of San Sabá, was founded in April 1757 near present-day Menard, Texas, United States to protect the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá, established at the same time. The presidio and mission were built to secure Spain&#39;s claim to the territory. They were part of the treaty recently reached with the Lipan Apaches of the area for mutual aid against enemies. The early functioning of the mission and presidio were undermined by Hasinai, also allied with the Spanish, attacking the Apaches. The mission was located three miles downstream from the presidio by request of the monks at the mission to ensure that the Spanish soldiers would not be a corrupting influence on the Lipan Apaches the monks were trying to convert to Christianity. The original presidio and mission were built out of logs.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 1758, a band of 2000 Comanche and Wichita Indians, bitter enemies of the Lipan Apache, attacked Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá. The presidio sent a small force to aid the mission, but the soldiers were driven back. Two of the three priests at the mission were killed and the mission was destroyed. The Indians did not attack the presidio.</p><br>
<p>More than a year later, a force of 600 men from the presidio set out to find and punish the Indians responsible for the attack on the mission. The Spanish force was repulsed with heavy losses and the presidio commander was relieved of command. The new commander replaced the log stockade with a stone compound. The post was abandoned in 1768, reoccupied briefly in 1770, then permanently abandoned.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the presidio was rebuilt as a Works Progress Administration project for the Texas Centennial in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Foundation</h3><br>
<p>In June 1753, Lt. Juan Galvan and Father Miguel de Aranda were sent on an expedition to explore Apacheria, and selected a spot on the San saba river for a mission, marking the spot with a large wooden cross. a subsequent expedition by Pedro de Rabago y Teran and Father Jose Lopes in Dec. 1754 to the same area named the site Paso de la Santa Cruz, and recommended a stone and mortar fort with four curtains with two guns each. On 18 May 1756, Viceroy Marques de las Amarillas ordered Col. Diego Ortiz Parrilla to assume command of the San Xavier Presidio and transfer it along with the missions there to the San Saba site, the new presidio to be named after the Viceroy. Parilla was to take 50 men at the San Xavier garrison, and augment them with 22 from San Antonio and 27 new recruits.</p><br>
<p>Parilla was the former governor of Sinaloa and Sonora, captain of the Presidio de San Miguel de Horcasitas, and made a colonel in 1755. On 5 April 1775, Parrilla left 39 soldiers in a temporary camp with his livestock and supplies, and marched with 22 soldiers plus 6 Franciscan friars under Father Alonso Giraldo de Terreros, for the San Saba site, reaching it on 17 April. After the soldiers and supplies from the temporary camp arrived, the mission and quarters with irrigation ditch, plus barracks and family quarters for the soldiers and their 237 women and children, were built from logs and separated by three miles on opposite sides of the river.</p><br>
<p>In June, a band of 3000 Apaches arrived under the leadership of El Chico and Casablanca passed through on their way to attack the Comanches further north, but did not stay long on their return trip. With no Indians to teach, only the Queretaran Mission was built.</p><br>
<h3>Attack</h3><br>
<p>On the night of 25 Feb. 1758, while Joseph Antonio Flores was Sergeant of the Guard, the Presidios livestock was stampeded by Indians, resulting in the loss of 59 horses. A detachment of 6 men under Corporal Carlos de Uraga was attacked on the Pedernales River the next day, while on their way to warn Lt. Juan Galvans supply train en route from San Antonio. Parilla reinforced the supply train of 50 pack animals with 22 men, and provided 8 soldiers, with two cannons, to the Mission on 15 March when Father Terreros refused to seek sanctuary at the Presidio.</p><br>
<p>Three hours after sunrise on 16 March, Joseph Gutierrez arrived at the Presidio, having been sent by the Mission steward, to tell of "the arrival of the Indians and their bad behavior", the Indians armed with "French firearms, bullet pouches, and very large powder horns...others had pikes, and still others, bows and arrows; but most of them had muskets and cutlasses..." Parilla then sent Sergeant Flores and four men to reinforce the Mission., where he discovered "the road for almost three quarters of a league crowded with hostile Indians, and the Mission stockade completely surrounded by Indians firing their muskets." Still attempting to enter the Mission, Flores&#39; men advanced but the "Indians formed a column and marched rapidly toward the Presidio...as soon as the Indians had advanced to within musket range, they fired a volley at the squad of soldiers", wounding three. Flores estimated 1,500 Indians were moving forward to attack the Presidio, when he saw 3 San Antonio Mission Indians who "brought the news that the Texas and Comanche Indians had set fire to the stockyard and the houses at the Mission..."</p><br>
<p>Parilla held a council of war, where it was decided "the surprise assault on the Mission was now an accomplished fact and its destruction verified...the Presidio lay exposed to a similar attack...the Indians...could easily overwhelm any detachment sent out from the Presidio." Parilla collected all 59 of his remaining men (41 were on assignment elsewhere), plus the 237 women and children, into the Presidio at sunset, and then sent Flores to determine the situation at the Mission. Flores discovered "all the dwellings and other Mission buildings were in flames..." Several were able to escape however, including Father Miguel Molina as "the Indians were intent upon pillage and plunder, presuming that no one could escape alive through the flames raging everywhere."</p><br>
<p>Lt. Juan Galvan&#39;s supply train force of 22 soldiers and muleteers arrived at the Presidio on 17 March. The next day, the Indians were observed to be marching north. The Indians had slain 8 persons, including Fathers Terreros and Santiesteban, while 17 of the Indians were killed.</p><br>
<p>During the summer a large band of Apaches near the Presidios were attacked by northern Indians, killing 50 plus, and in Dec., another 21 were killed by northern Indians, all armed with muskets. On 30 March 1759, Indians stole 700 horses, mules and cattle belonging to the Presidio, killing the detail of soldiers assigned to guard them, leaving the garrison with only 27 horses.</p><br>
<h3>Vengeance</h3><br>
<p>On 27 June 1758, the Viceroy Marques de las Amarillas approved a campaign to punish the northern tribes. Parilla held a special council in San Antonio, on 3 Jan. 1759, with the governors of Coahuila and Texas plus the frontier officers, in which they recommended a force of 500. The Viceroy approved the plan on 30 March as did King Ferdinand VI. Parillas campaign force left in August and consisted of 50 men from his Presidios garrison plus 360 additional soldiers from San Antonio, Presidio del Rio Grande and Presidio del Reyno, plus included 176 Indian allies (134 Apaches acted as scouts and guides).</p><br>
<p>Parilla attacked a Tonkawa Village along the Clear Fork Brazos River on 2 Oct., and then a Taovayas (Wichitas) village along the Red River on 7 Oct. in the Battle of the Twin Villages The Tonkawas lost 55 killed and 149 taken prisoner, but led the Spanish on to the larger Wichita village in "French country", which included a stockade and between 2,000-6,000 Wichitas and Comanche allies. According to Parilla, "the enemy considered themselves secure in their fort. Those outside, with the help of those within, began to fire..." from a thickly wooded area and then "First one then the other flank gave way." Parilla&#39;s twin cannons had little effect on the fort, and by nightfall, retreated to his camp, leaving the cannons and suffering 19 dead, 14 wounded and 19 missing, but claiming to have killed "the chief of greatest acclaim among the Indians" and 50 others, wounding many more. Parilla waited three days before leading an orderly retreat back to the Presidio, reaching it on 25 Oct.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>Marques de Cruillas took over as Viceroy from Marques de las Amarillas in 1760, assigned Parilla the governorship of Coahuila and installed Capt. Felipe de Rabago y Teran as commander of the Presidio. Within a year, Rabago rebuilt the stockade with limestone, including rooms built into the walls, a blockhouse and a moat, bringing the garrison up to full strength and well mounted. Rabago explored the Concho River and sent an exploratory expedition west to the Pecos River in the spring of 1761.</p><br>
<p>On 16 January 1762, Rabago established Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz with Father Diego Jimenez along the El Rio de San Jose (upper Nueces River) for Apache Chief Cabezons tribe, manning it with 20 men under Lt. Manuel Valdez. Nearby they also founded Mission Nuestra senora de la Candelaria nearby for El Turnios tribe, and protected it with 10 soldiers. Yet in June 1762, the Presidio once again was raided by the northern Indians, killing 2 soldiers and taking 70 horses.</p><br>
<p>In 1764, Rabago reported a "severe attack on the Presidio", and in 1765, a detachment of 3 soldiers were killed in a Frio River Canyon ambush. Rabago noted in 1767 that the Comanches had made five attempts on the Presidio since Oct. of 1766, including three attempts on his supply trains.</p><br>
<h3>Inspection</h3><br>
<p>King Charles III sent his Inspector general Marques de Rubi, accompanied by Nicolas de Lafora, on a tour of New Spain in 1766, after the acquisition of Louisiana following the Seven Years&#39; War. Rubi visited the Presidio in July 1766, reporting it served no purpose or advantage, "It affords as much protection to the interests of His Majesty in New Spain as a ship anchored in mid-Atlantic would afford in preventing foreign trade with America." Of the 24 presidios along the northern frontier, Rubi recommended the Presidio and 8 others be abandoned, forming a new frontier line from San Antonio to Santa Fe to the Gulf of California.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>The Comanches stole the Presidio&#39;s entire herd of cattle on 10 Dec. 1767, Indians attacked again on 2 Jan. 1768, stole horses outside the wall on 14 Jan., then captured and tortured to death Lt. Joaquin Orendain and three other soldiers on 29 Feb. Then the garrison was afflicted with scurvy, Mal de Loanda, forcing Rabago to abandon the Presidio for the Mission San Lorenzo in the Valle de San Jose (El Canon) on 22 June. On 1 April 1769, Rabago was replaced as commander of the Presidio by Capt. Manuel Antonio de Oca, who took the garrison back to San Saba but retreated again to El Canon in early 1770. By 8 June 1771, Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyala, Governor of Coahuila, removed 29 men to San Antonio, and on 21 June 1771, the Viceroy called for the removal of the garrison entirely and the abandonment of the two missions at El Canon. In 1772, King Charles III issued a decree abandoning the Presidio, leaving East Texas entirely, and making San Antonio the new capital of Texas.</p><br>
<h2>San Saba Silver Mines</h2><br>
<p>A mine was started in August 1752 by five Spaniards from San Antonio in an area identified by Apaches containing gossan, Los Almagres to the Spanish. This pit, cueva in Spanish, was later identified to be "Boyds shaft" in "Boyds Pasture" along the Almagre or Honey Creek, a tributary of the Llano River. This range of hills where gossan is found, lies between the former presidios of San Saba and San Antonio de Bexar, in southeastern Llano County, today&#39;s Riley Mountains.</p><br>
<p>No ore of value was discovered but the governor of Texas, Jacinto de Barrios y Jauregui, on 26 Nov. 1755, appointed Bernardo de Miranda y Flores Teniente General of an expedition to this and another deposit of almagre. Miranda kept a journal of his twenty-three man strong expedition from 17 Feb. to 10 March 1756, followed by a report to Governor Barrios on 29 March 1756 and a petition to the Viceroy on 15 Feb. 1757. On 26 Feb., his journal noted he put his men to work so that the "pit could be cleaned out and examined to see if any ore veins could be found", "a tremendous stratum of ore was observed", and he named the pit of almagre San Joseph del Alcazar. In his report to the governor, Miranda stated, "The mines that are throughout the Cerro del Almagre and all its slope are so abundant", ten claims had already been filed, "that I guarantee to give a mine to each of all the inhabitants of this province of Texas...at many of the mines the owners will be able to install hacinendas" (de fundicion and de beneficio for smelting and chemical reduction respectively). Miranda reported he could not travel to another "Almagre Grande", as "many Spaniards would be needed" because of the threat of Comanche Indians living there. In his petition to the Viceroy, Miranda noted he had "crudely removed some ore, which is what was assayed".</p><br>
<p>This three pound sample of ore, and Mirandas report, were sent by Barrios to Manuel de Aldaco in Mexico City, who had it assayed by smelting and amalgamation. Smelting assayed five ounces of silver per hundred pounds of ore, too poor for smelting, while no silver could be extracted from amalgamation. Aldacos report asked for thirty cargas of almagre for further testing.</p><br>
<p>In Miranda&#39;s petition to the Viceroy regarding this requested thirty loads of ore, he requested "these expenses be paid from the account of the royal treasury", promising to "execute all that is prescribed in the referred report" and "I will make other discoveries". Otherwise, Miranda proposed to "pay all of it through my industry and perservance with the condition that I be the captain of the soldiers", noting "a presidio of at least thirty men to restrain the Indians" was required.</p><br>
<p>The San Saba Presidio commander, Capt. Diego Ortiz Parrilla, had seventy-five pounds of ore smelted, which yielded an ounce and a half of silver, prompting him to suggest the presidio be moved to Los Almagres in 1757. Yet, the destruction of Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba by the Comanches in 1758, and increased Indian depradations made the area difficult for the Spanish and location of the mines was eventually forgotten.</p><br>
<p>In 1789, five miners working the Los Almagres mines, near the Llano River, were murdered in their sleep by Lipan Apaches on their way to confront Col. Juan de Ugalde.</p><br>
<p>Stephen F. Austins replaced "Presidio of San Saba" on his 1827 map with "Silver Mines" on his 1829 edition. Austins 1831 pamphlet on Texas stated on the San Saba River, "traditions say a rich silver mine was successfully wrought many years since, until the Comanche Indians cut off the workmen."</p><br>
<p>Visiting the ruins in the 1840s, Ferdinand von Roemer noted, "According to legends still told in Texas, the Spaniards were supposed to have worked some rich silver mines here, and the old fort was supposedly erected to protect a mine nearby. We therefore first looked for smelting ovens and heaps of slag...when we failed to find any traces of either, we made examinations to determine if the geological conditions were the kind which would indicate the presence of precious metal. The presence of silver ore in unchanged, horizontal limestone and marl of the Cretaceous formation would be without precedent...it is not improbable that the changed Transition rocks, containing quartz, which appear about forty miles downstream near the mouth of the San Saba, as well as the granite rocks which appear particularly between the San Saba and Llano, contain ore, although observations on our journey did not furnish direct proof for this." On the main portal of the fort, Roemer found the following names: Padilla, 1810; Cos, 1829; Bowie (con su tropa), 1829; Moore, 1840.</p><br>
<h2>Comanches and the German Colony</h2><br>
<p>Near the fort was the site of a council meeting between Comanches chiefs and representatives of the Adelsverein, including Buffalo Hump, Santa Anna, Mope-choco-pe, and John O. Meusebach, which eventually led to the Meusebach-Comanche Treaty. "As Neighbors and his companions were traveling through the prairie, the party suddenly saw through the mesquite trees the walls of the old Spanish fort looming up in front of them..."</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Camp of Rochambeaus Infantry, also known as Site 12-25, is a historic site and an archeological site in Bolton, Connecticut, on the march route of Rochambeaus army on its way to the Hudson River and ultimately to Yorktown, Virginia. It was used on four successive nights, the 22nd through the 25th of June, 1781, by the four divisions of Rochambeau&#39;s army . In the evenings, the French entertained locals by playing music and dancing with local women, on Bolton Green.</p><br>
<p>About 1 mi before the Fifth Camp is March Route of Rochambeaus Army: Bailey Road, and about a mile before that is March Route of Rochambeaus Army: Hutchinson Road, both on the way from Andover, and both also NRHP-listed. The road to the Fifth Camp was described as "frightful". The Bourbonnais division had to bivouac without its tents, as its supply wagons were delayed on the poor roads.</p><br>
<p>It is a 13 acre site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The site is listed for its information potential. According to a study completed in 2001, the site "is an open field that retains its visual qualities, with stone walls marking the same field lines as shown on the map prepared by the French engineers. The camp was occupied for four nights in a row, one night by each regiment, in June, 1781. A large number of artifacts have been recovered to date, including numbered regimental buttons.66 caliber musket balls, period coins, and a lead bar."</p><br>
<p>The camp site was not used on the return march in 1782; the 46th camp site was at a different location in what is now Andover which was then part of Bolton.</p><br>
<p>Francis Asbury, also known as the Francis Asbury Memorial, is a public equestrian statue, by American artist Augustus Lukeman, located at 16th Street and Mt. Pleasant Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>It was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian&#39;s Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This bronze sculpture features Francis Asbury seated upon his horse wearing a cape and hat. In his proper right hand he holds a bible. The horse is bending its head down to lick its left leg. The sculpture sits on a granite base (approx. 100 in. x 140 in. x 200 in.). On the proper left side of the sculpture, near the base, it is signed "Augustus Lukeman Sc 1921."</p><br>
<p>The sculpture is inscribed on the front of the base:</p><br>
<p>FRANCIS ASBURY</p><br>
<p>1745-1816</p><br>
<p>PIONEER</p><br>
<p>METHODIST BISHOP</p><br>
<p>IN AMERICA</p><br>
<p>On the left side of the base it is inscribed:</p><br>
<p>HIS CONTINUOUS JOURNEY THROUGH CITIES</p><br>
<p>VILLAGES AND SETTLEMENTS FROM 1771 TO 1816</p><br>
<p>GREATLY PROMOTED PATRIOTISM EDUCATION MORALITY</p><br>
<p>AND RELIGION IN THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC</p><br>
<p>Act of Congress</p><br>
<p>On the right side of the base it is inscribed:</p><br>
<p>IF YOU SEEK FOR THE RESULTS OF HIS LABOR</p><br>
<p>YOU WILL FIND THEM</p><br>
<p>IN OUR CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION</p><br>
<p>And on the back of the base it is inscribed:</p><br>
<p>THE PROPHET</p><br>
<p>OF THE LONG ROAD</p><br>
<h3>Francis Asbury Statue Washington D.C. Dedication Events</h3><br>
<p>During the leap year of 1919, President Woodrow Wilson and the 66th Congress of the United States gave approval to the site and location for the Francis Asbury Statue. This formal event which occurred on February 29, 1919 allowed for the newly formed Francis Asbury Memorial Foundation to begin its work to raise monies for the Francis Asbury Statue.</p><br>
<p>For design of the statue, The Francis Asbury Memorial Foundation chose Mr. Evarts Tracy.</p><br>
<p>The distinguished designer from the New York architectural firm, Tracy and Swartwout, was not only a talented architect and designer, he was the great-great grandson of Roger Sherman, a signer of the American Declaration of Independence. In addition to his design architectural design experience, Mr. Evarts Tracy was commissioned years earlier to design camouflage techniques for the troops on the front line of World War I.</p><br>
<p>The design of the Francis Asbury Statue by Mr. Evarts Tracy began in the year 1919. Upon completion of the design, the Francis Asbury Memorial Foundation chose the Roman Bronze Works of New York to build the equestrian memorial. In 1921, the Roman Bronze Works in turn commissioned the independent artist, Henry Augustus Lukeman to sculpt the Asbury Statue.</p><br>
<p>The American sculptor was born in Richmond, Virginia in 1872: at the early age of ten he began to sculpt with wood and clay. Through a workshop at the New York based Boys&#39; Club he learned the basics of sculpting. For the next three years, his fascination with the art form led him to study under the Irish artist and immigrant, Launt Thompson. By the age of sixteen, Augustus Lukeman gained an apprenticeship at the New York City based foundry founded by Mr. John Williams. He remained in this learning program until 1891 when he reached the age of nineteen. For the next few years, Augustus Lukeman spent his days studying and working with terra cotta and his evenings studying drawing techniques and antiques at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.</p><br>
<p>By the summer of 1924, Augustus Lukeman was nearly complete with the Francis Asbury Statue.</p><br>
<p>Wednesday, October 15, 1924 at 2:30 pm, several thousand people gather to view the dedication ceremony for the Francis Asbury Statue. Dignitaries from Washington D.C. seat on the white-draped platform. The photos from the day were taken from an advantageous viewpoint. The article, displays the photos from the actual event.</p><br>
<p>In one of the photos, President Calvin Coolidge stands at the podium, ready to give his speech which contains the famous phrase about Francis Asbury which many who know of Asbury are familiar with, “He is entitled to rank as one of the builders of our nation.”</p><br>
<p>Another photo from the day of the dedication displays the patriotic manner in which the statue was vailed before the ceremony. Two large American flags flank either side of the statue. “The shot taken from the crowd level is a stunning depiction of Francis Asbury and the flags of his adopted country. A country in which he spent nearly his entire life leading the people of the frontier to Jesus Christ.”</p><br>
<h2>Information</h2><br>
<p>The sculpture was founded by Roman Bronze Works in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>Artist</h2><br>
<h2>Condition</h2><br>
<p>This sculpture was surveyed in 1994 for its condition and was described as "well maintained."</p><br>
<p>Tanquary Fiord or Greely Fiord is a fjord on the north coast of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago&#39;s Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the Quttinirpaaq National Park and extends 30 mi in a north-westerly direction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating methods suggest that between 10,000 and 4,100 BP, deglaciation occurred, followed by a period of glacial readvance and the formation of ice shelves until 2,400 BP. Until 1,400 BP, a period of glacial retreat occurred, and since then glacial readvance and nearby ice rises have marked the area.</p><br>
<p>Radiocarbon analysis of charcoal undertaken by the Geological Survey of Canada has shown that Inuit were present at Tanquary Fiord around 1070 BP at the latest.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The head of the Tanquary Fiord is the convergence point of four river valleys, three of which end in a floodplain and one in a river delta. Carbon dating findings show that the fjord was free of glacial ice approximately 6,500 years ago. In the past 40 years, the terminal points of side glaciers have receded.</p><br>
<p>Tanquary Fiord has 65 frost-free days per year (enough to grow lettuce), which is considered remarkable for its latitude. Summer temperatures of 18 &deg;C have been recorded.</p><br>
<h2>Human activity</h2><br>
<p>In 1963, the Defence Research Board began Operation Tanquary in the area, with a focus on oceanography. The operation concluded in 1972. As the fjord is in a remote location, there is little human habitation. A Warden Station is staffed by Parks Canada during the summer months, and Tanquary Fiord Airport is located nearby. It is possible to reach the area via charter aircraft, or increasingly, via icebreaker cruise ships. In 1947, a meteorological station was installed at Eureka, about 175 km southwest of the fiord.</p><br>
<p>The John H. Barker Mansion is a historic home located in Michigan City, LaPorte County, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original house was built in 1857 and is a two-story, brick structure that now serves as the rear wing. Between 1901 and 1905, the main block was constructed. The main house is a 2 1/2-story, maroon brick with limestone trim designed as an English Manor house, with 38 rooms, 10 bathrooms, and seven fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located in the Haskell and Barker Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>John H. Barker</h3><br>
<p>In 1836, at the age of 22, John Barker Sr. (1814-1878) arrived in Indiana from Andover, Massachusetts, looking for new business opportunities. He began as a general merchant, expanded into grain brokerage, before opening a commission house to receive and forward merchandise from ships on the lakes. During this time, he married Cordelia G. Collamer (1818-1894) and raised a family. Two children survived him, daughter, Anna, and son, John H. Barker (1844-1910).</p><br>
<p>Seeing the potential of railroads, he bought an interest in the manufacture of freight cars. Shortly after his purchase in 1855, the company was renamed Haskell & Barker Car Co. The onset of the American Civil War helped the business prosper through government contracts. As the Car Company prospered, Michigan City prospered. When he retired in 1869, his son left Chicago to return as the general manager of the company. Upon Barker Jr.&#39;s death in 1910, the Car Company was prospering such that he was worth an estimated fifty to sixty million dollars. In 1922, "Haskell & Barker" merged with the Pullman Company, and was then known as Pullman-Standard, a division of Pullman, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Verdugo Hills of Peace Pioneer Cemetery, or Verdugo Hills Cemetery, located in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California, opened in 1922</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources describes the four-acre cemetery:</p><br>
<p>By the early 1970s the cemetery had fallen into disrepair, according to the Los Angeles Times, and lost its license in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>Verdugo Hills Cemetery landslide, 1978</h3><br>
<p>On February 10, 1978, after days of torrential rains, a massive landslide occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains foothills above Tujunga. The result was the unearthing of a large section of the cemetery and corpses being strewn throughout the area. The rain had been pouring into holes made by gophers and saturated the earth. When the slope gave way, rotted caskets broke open and their contents were carried away.</p><br>
<p>According to Thomas Noguchi&#39;s book Coroner, some 100 bodies were sent plunging into homes, businesses and city streets. He even states that one such body was wedged into the entrance of a supermarket. The resulting task of trying to identify the remains and rebury them under their correct markers is documented in the book. When they arrived, bodies were everywhere. Some, he states were "grotesquely standing upright."</p><br>
<p>The city of Los Angeles repaired the grounds, but heavy rain unearthed more corpses in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Ingram House is a historic building in the district of Bootham, York, England. It was built as an almshouse for ten poor widows between 1630 and 1640 by real estate developer and politician Sir Arthur Ingram and was originally known as Ingram&#39;s Hospital. It was damaged during the Siege of York and was restored in 1649. It is the most important mid-seventeenth century building in Bootham, pre-classical and composed of eleven bays of two low storeys, but with a four-storey central tower. The middle doorway dates back to the Norman period, and is believed to have once been a doorway to Holy Trinity Priory.</p><br>
<p>Charles I of England stayed at the house in 1642. In 1959, it was converted into four flats. It was listed as a Grade II* building in 1954.</p><br>
<p>W.D. Petersen Memorial Music Pavilion is located on Beiderbecke Drive in LeClaire Park, Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. It is commonly referred to as the LeClaire Park Bandshell.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1911 the city of Davenport started two decades of improvement to the riverfront under the leadership of Alfred Mueller, who was the mayor, and William D. Petersen. The Levee Improvement Commission, which is responsible for developing the city’s riverfront, was started the same year. LeClaire Park was extensively improved by the commission between the years 1912 and 1914. Their aim was to maintain a riverfront that balanced commercial, industrial and recreational uses. The music pavilion, named for Petersen, was part of their beautification efforts and built in 1924. Because Davenport had a large and musically inclined German population, the city had band shells located in Fejervary, Vander Veer, and Schuetzen parks as well. This is the only one that remains. Its dedication in 1924 makes this structure, along with the East Park Band Shell in Mason City (1924), the two oldest band shells in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The music pavilion continues to host various public events throughout the year. The Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival, Mississippi Valley Blues Festival and the Quad City Symphony Orchestra’s Riverfront Pops Concert are annual events. President George W. Bush spoke from the pavilion when he ran for reelection in 2004, as did Barack Obama in 2007 when he ran for the presidency before the 2008 Iowa Caucuses.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The pavilion was designed by Rudolph Clausen from the architectural firm of Clausen & Kruse. The firm also designed other historic buildings in Davenport including the Democrat Building, the Forrest Block, the Scott County Savings Bank, The Linograph Company Building and the Davenport Municipal Stadium (now known as Modern Woodmen Park). The music pavilion is located just to the east of the stadium along the riverfront. Inspiration for the pavilion was Bertram Goodhue&#39;s Spreckles Music Pavilion (1915) that was built for the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego. While less decorative, it follows the same basic form and massing as the Spreckles, with flame finials, and a concentration of Baroque detail at the cornice and side openings. They differ in that the proscenium arch and the side pavilions are simpler in design.</p><br>
<p>The music pavilion is a concrete structure built on a raised stone podium. It is rectangular in shape with a peaked roof which levels out to the north and south walls. The structure features distinctive ornamental details, Corinthian columns with twisted-rope shafts, minaret-shaped pinnacles, iron-grated windows, and side niches. There is complex decorative pattern work at the roofline. Many of the decorative details are finished in bold colors of blue, green, and gold, which contrast with the neutral color of the stone. The pavilion’s facade faces to the east where an outdoor seating area, set on a concrete slab, is located. To the north of the pavilion is the bust of Davenport native Bix Beiderbecke, a prominent jazz musician in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The West Side Historic District is a set of ninety-eight buildings on the west side of the Fox River in Aurora, Illinois. Of these, seventy-seven contribute to the historical value of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aurora was platted by Samuel and Joseph McCarty in 1835. Aurora was a popular destination for settlers from the eastern United States due to its proximity to Chicago yet scenic atmosphere. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad relocated its headquarters to Aurora in 1855. Expecting a rise in population due to the railroad&#39;s employment opportunities, Aurora platted a new residential section of land west of the Fox River. Aurora indeed expanded rapidly during that period, almost doubling in population from 1860 to 1874. Most of the new lands were along the river, with a section following several streets westward. Industrial growth followed in the 1880s, spurring a need for developed city services. Aurora became the first city to have electric street lighting in 1881.</p><br>
<p>The west side was originally noted for its wide range of Italianate residences. Two large apartment buildings were built along Downer Place between 1882 and 1890. As construction in the district continued in the 1890s, Queen Anne became the dominate architectural style. Smaller houses were built in the Foursquare style, some with Prairie School influences.</p><br>
<p>The west side district was the homestead for wealthy Aurora citizens throughout its history. Local pharmacist David Hurd owned a Second Empire home, constructed in 1856 and now recognized as an Aurora Landmark. Aurora mayor Fred O. White designed a Queen Anne residence that was completed after his death by his wife. White&#39;s sisters-in-law, Mary and Emma Todd, moved in shortly afterward. William Jobbins was the president of Alba Manufacturing Co. and lived in a 1909 Colonial Revival residence. The Col. Ira C. Copley Mansion was constructed for Ira Clifton Copley, founder of the Copley Press and later member of the USA House of Representatives from 1911 to 1923. His house was designed by Jarvis Hunt and constructed in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel Ira C. Copley Mansion, is a historic residence in Aurora, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Owned by the --------------</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1917 for Col. Ira Clifton Copley, the founder of Copley Press and a member of the USA House of Representatives. Designed by noted architect Jarvis Hunt, the building was completed in 1917 in a blend of Classical Revival and Federal Style trends. It was individually recognized on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and is part of the West Side Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Ira C. Copley&#39;s mansion was designed in 1906 by Jarvis Hunt, an architect from Chicago and finally completed in 1917. It is predominately of Classical Revival design, but has many Federal Style features. The mansion is three stories tall and shaped like an "L". An ionic portico features on all sides, creating a porch that can be accessed from the ballroom. Consistent with Federal details, it has balustrades over the eaves. The main roof is hipped with a flat roof over the wings. A twin chimney emerges from the west side of the roof. The main entrance has slender pilasters and an elliptical fanlight between narrow sidelights. The exterior walls are Roman brick in a Flemish bond. The rear features a Palladian window with the lunette used to illuminate the third floor. The ballroom was located under the hipped portion of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The Fidelity Building is an office building in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Initially constructed in 1871 for the wholesale firm Cowan, McClung and Company, the building was home to Fidelity-Bankers Trust Company during the mid-twentieth century, and has since been renovated for use as office space. In 1984, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and its role in Knoxville&#39;s late-nineteenth century wholesaling industry.</p><br>
<p>Cowan, McClung and Company was formed in 1858 by Knoxville merchants James H. Cowan, Perez Dickinson, and several members of the McClung family. During the years following the Civil War, the company became one of the most profitable in Tennessee as Knoxvilles wholesaling market grew exponentially. The company erected its four-story headquarters on Gay Streets 500-block in 1871, and occupied the building until 1919. Another wholesale firm, Anderson-Dulin-Varnell, operated out of the building until 1929. The Fidelity-Bankers Trust Company occupied the building from 1929 until 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Fidelity Building is currently the headquarters of the wholesale grocery company, H. T. Hackney. In May 2011, the company announced plans to open a grocery store on the building&#39;s ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Fidelity Building is a four-story, three-bay brick building originally constructed in 1871, and extensively remodeled in 1929. The building was originally designed in an Italianate style, and contained a central pediment and balustrade, and storefronts flanked by Corinthian columns. In 1929, the architectural firm Baumann and Baumann remodeled the building, and the pediment, balustrade, and exterior Corinthian columns were removed.</p><br>
<p>The buildings first-story Gay Street facade, which reflects the 1929 remodeling, consists of an ashlar veneer, with a recessed entrance topped by an eagle-and-garland frieze. The rear of the building is largely unaltered from its 1871 design, the exception being a one-story addition added in the early 1980s. The buildings interior, which also reflects the 1929 remodeling, includes a central hall with gray marble walls and floors, and square Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cowan, McClung and Company</h3><br>
<p>Cowan, McClung and Company was formed in 1858 by the merger of two Knoxville wholesalers&ndash; Cowan and Dickinson, operated by James Cowan (1801&ndash;1871) and Perez Dickinson (1813&ndash;1901), and McClung, Wallace and Company, operated by the McClung family. Cowan was a nephew of Nathaniel and Samuel Cowan, who had opened Knoxville&#39;s first general store in 1792, and was a stepson of Thomas Humes, who had established the Lamar House Hotel in 1816. In 1820, Cowan opened his first store, located at the corner of Gay and Main, using money he had borrowed from his mother.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, Cowan formed a partnership with Dickinson, a Massachusetts-born professor who had moved to Knoxville several years earlier to teach at East Tennessee University. Cowan and Dickinson built a larger, two-story store, and in subsequent years, the corner of Gay and Main became known as "Dickinsons Corner." The McClung family, descendants of Knoxville surveyor Charles McClung, had been active in Knoxvilles wholesale trade since 1816, and by 1850, the family controlled two major Knoxville wholesaling firms, C. M. McClung and Company and McClung, Wallace and Company.</p><br>
<p>As the nexus of the relatively isolated farming communities of East Tennessee and the great manufacturing centers of the eastern United States, Knoxville grew into a wholesaling mecca in the years following the Civil War. By 1866, Cowan, McClung and Company, the state&#39;s leading wholesaler, was generating more tax revenue than other firm in the state. The company built its new four-story warehouse and store at the corner of Union and Gay in 1871, and within three years, the company was earning $2 million annually.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Cowan, McClung and Company closed in 1919, and another wholesaler, Anderson-Dulin-Varnell, moved into the building at the corner of Union and Gay. During the 1920s, Anderson-Dulin-Varnell, which operated the nearby Millers Department Store, was one of Knoxville most successful retailers. In 1929, the Fidelity-Bankers Trust Company, one of Knoxvilles leading financial institutions, became the building&#39;s third occupant. Fidelity operated out of the building until 1964, when it merged with Tennessee Valley Bank and moved to a new building on Market Street.</p><br>
<p>The Fidelity Building is currently the headquarters of the H.T. Hackney Company, which bills itself as one of the nations largest wholesale grocery distributors. The company has operated a small convenience store in the lower south section of the building for several years. In May 2011, the company announced plans to expand the convenience store into a full-scale grocery, in partnership with Maryville-based retailer, The Market. Since 2006, the University of Tennessees Knoxville Downtown Studio has operated out of the northern half of the building&#39;s first floor.</p><br>
<p>Healy Chapel is a historic mortuary in Aurora, Illinois. It was designed by George Grant Elmslie and is one of only a few Prairie School buildings designed for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William H. Healy moved from Yorkville, Illinois to Aurora in 1891. He opened "Healy and Blair", a furniture store that doubled as a mortuary. His brother, Arthur N. Healy, joined him in a new partnership in 1901 and they moved into a new building at 50 W Downer Place. Focusing almost exclusively on undertaking, the firm was officially incorporated in 1919. Increased demand for their services led to the need for a new building.</p><br>
<p>The Healy Chapel is one of only a few commercial buildings built in the Prairie School style. It was designed by George Grant Elmslie, a renowned architect who worked with Louis Sullivan. Like most Prairie School buildings, there is a strong emphasis on horizontal designs on the exterior. The three-story building features beige stucco along the third floor. A line of orange-glazed terracotta separates the stucco from the brick lower levels.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed down the street from the old practice, at 332 W. Downer Place, and cost $100,000. The Healys were the first to bring hearse service to Aurora, and the Healy Chapel is recognized as the first building in the state exclusively used as a mortuary. It is located in the West Side Historic District, but is listed as a non-contributing property. It remains family-owned and continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>Jetty Island is a man-made island and park in the U.S. state of Washington, located 30 miles north of Seattle in the Puget Sound, just off the Everett, Washington waterfront. The island is two miles long and half a mile wide, approximately 1,800 acres. The island has no plumbing, electricity or structures, only a seasonal floating restroom off the island’s shore. During the summer months, a small ferry becomes operational, allowing access to and from the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jetty Island began as a riprap jetty to provide a navigation channel and protected harbor in the late 19th century. The island is composed of sediment from the Snohomish River; material that was created by the maintenance dredging of the Snohomish River was used to build the island. The original dredged material was deposited over a 100 years ago and has been added to over time. The Port of Everett gained ownership of Jetty Island in 1929 and, with the help of the USA Army Corps of Engineers, built a new marsh of dredged river materials in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry</h2><br>
<p>During the summer months, the Port of Everett partners with the City of Everett Parks Department to provide a small ferry that allows access to and from the island, free of cost. The ferry operates seven days a week and departs from the Port of Everett&#39;s boat launch.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Jetty Island is home to more than 45 bird species including osprey, shorebirds, hawks, eagles, cormorants and ducks. Visitors may see seals surfacing near the waters edge or lounging on the islands shore. On occasion, gray whales can be seen swimming past during spring migration.</p><br>
<p>The Galena Hotel, originally known as the Fox River House, is a historic hotel in Aurora, Illinois. It is the oldest hotel still standing in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1850s, Aurora was a major manufacturing and milling center in the Fox River valley. The Chicago-Galena State Road, which carried stagecoaches from Chicago to northwestern Illinois, passed through town and provided a means of commerce. The first Fox River House was constructed in 1857 along this road for A. N. and G. Pierce. A fire destroyed the hotel in 1860. E. D. Huntoon purchased the vacant lot two years later to rebuild the hotel. The hotel was known as an important local gathering place. Huntoon ran the hotel for twenty-six years until selling it.</p><br>
<p>The new owner renamed the hotel the Northwestern Hotel in 1888. It was renamed to the Grand Hotel when sold to a Mrs. Jones in 1907. The Koummoutseas family purchased the hotel in 1961 and again renamed it the Galena Hotel. It is the oldest hotel still standing in Aurora. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The structure is four stories tall plus a basement. The brick and limestone were locally fired and mined. Only the fourth floor remains consistent with the original design for the hotel, but little change has occurred on the exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>Urgull  is a hill by the ocean sitting at the heart of the Basque city of San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain. The hill  shapes along with Mount Ulia and Igeldo the city&#39;s coastline relief, standing at the northern end of a peninsula formerly linked to mainland by a spit of sand between the river Urumea and the Bay of La Concha .</p><br>
<p>The hill became a defense point since the early ages of the city foundation in the 12th century, but the walls and the military structure were reinforced especially after the modern state boundaries took shape in the 16th century. The hill is topped by a stronghold (headquarters, barracks and warehouses), the Mota Castle, but it had a chapel and a conspicuous 12 metre-long sculpture of Jesus Christ added in 1950, now towering over the bay.</p><br>
<p>The hill (as well as the city) was a hotspot for military operations, like the ones of the Siege of San Sebastián (1813) and the assaults of 1823, 1836 and 1876 (Carlist Wars). The hill lost its military interest on account of the city&#39;s newly acquired tourist resort status and was sold to the city council in 1924. Urgull shows nowadays a tree-covered surface for the most part, picturesque military structures reminiscent of other times and pleasant promenades with outstanding views over the bay and the city. The rooms of the stronghold at the hill top accommodate a small history museum, part of the major San Telmo Museoa located at the south-eastern access of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The Mellus Newspapers Building was a commercial building located at 1661 Fort Street in Lincoln Park, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and demolished in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1933, William S. Mellus founded the Lincoln Parker, a newspaper serving the city of Lincoln Park. As the population of Lincoln Park grew, Mellus eventually needed more space, and in 1941 he constructed this building on Fort Street. In the 1950s, a two-story addition was constructed in the rear of the building, enlarging the space to 4080 square feet. Mellus also expanded operations into the next-door Pollack Jewellery Building. Mellus sold his newspaper chain to Panax Corp. in the early 1970s. The company remained in the building until 1986, when it merged with Heritage Newspapers. The building was sold by the Mellus family in 1994.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the Mellus and the next-door Pollack was purchased by the Lincoln Park Downtown Development Authority for $93,000. The Mellus Building was demolished in May 2010; a small park is planned for the lot.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mellus Newspapers Building had simple but distinguishing Art Deco characteristics exemplifying the application of these to a small commercial building. The front facade was covered with white porcelain enamel panels, and the entryway was framed with curved glass block sections. Six steel casement windows faced the front.</p><br>
<p>The Braid Burn is a burn or stream 14 km in length that flows through south and east Edinburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The burn forms near Bonaly in the Pentland Hills south-west of the city, when the Bonaly and Howden burns that flow from the Pentlands meet. From there, it flows in a generally north-easterly direction, skirting the Braid Hills to the east and south, via the Braid Valley Park, the Hermitage of Braid, Blackford Glen, Cameron Toll and Inch Park. On reaching Peffermill it is joined by the Jordan Burn, and at Duddingston its name changes to the Figgate Burn. It flows on to enter the Firth of Forth at Portobello.</p><br>
<p>The area of the basin drained by the burn and its tributaries amounts to 30.5 km&sup2;. The burn rises quickly after rain, and can become very large when in spate. 80 per cent of the catchment area of the burn is in the lower urban section, the other portion being south of the Edinburgh City Bypass.</p><br>
<p>The burn flows through part of its course in a gorge cut by glacial meltwater that exposed a weakness in the rock.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The burn contains small trout and bullhead, and otters are occasionally seen in the burn.</p><br>
<h2>Flood prevention</h2><br>
<p>The burn has a history of flooding, and major events occurred on 3 January 1982, 28 May 1983, 3 November 1984, 6 October 1990, 7 October 1993, 26–27 April 2000, 7–8 November 2000, and in October 2002.</p><br>
<p>After the flooding in 2000, the City of Edinburgh Council elected to install a flood prevention scheme along much of the stream&#39;s length. Walls and embankments were constructed at points along the length of the burn, and new culverts and bridges were installed, and alterations to upstream reservoirs in the Pentland Hills were carried out. Parks and golf courses were modified to store water in the event of a flood.</p><br>
<p>The scheme was completed in 2010 at a construction cost of, an increase from the estimated cost of. The total cost of the scheme was.</p><br>
<p>The scheme is designed to withstand 1 in 200 year event, and provides protection to around 900 properties.</p><br>
<h2>In Literature</h2><br>
<p>The burn is mentioned in Muriel Sparks famous novel of Edinburgh, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, when Sandy and Miss Brodie meet after the war at the Braid Hills Hotel: They looked out of the wide windows at the little Braid Burn trickling through the fields and at the hills beyond, so austere from everlasting that they had never been capable of losing anything by the war.&#39;</p><br>
<p>The Fallsington Historic District is a historic district in Fallsington, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s history spans over 300 years. While William Penn resided at nearby Pennsbury Manor, he attended Friends meeting in Fallsington. The center of the district is Meetinghouse Square, where the first meetinghouse was built in 1690. The third meetinghouse, built in 1790, is currently used as a community center, the William Penn Center. The fourth meetinghouse on the square, built in 1841, still operates as a place of worship for Quakers.</p><br>
<p>Historic Falsington offers tours of the district, including the interiors of three preserved buildings: the Moon-Williamson Log House, Burges-Lippincott House, and the Stagecoach Tavern.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It comprises 62 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing objects.</p><br>
<h2>Quaker meeting houses</h2><br>
<p>The first meeting house in the district was built in 1690. Its site is marked by a bronze tablet erected in 1933. The second meeting house in the district was built in 1728. It is known as the Grambrel Roof House. After the third meeting house was built, the Gambrel Roof House was used as a school and later was converted into an apartment building with five apartments. It is three stories constructed of stone.</p><br>
<p>The third meeting house was constructed in 1789 and is now used as a community center called the William Penn Center. In 1841 a fourth meeting house was built to the north of the Gambrel Roof House. This is the meeting house currently in use.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Brethren, also known as the St. Vrain Church of the Brethren and the Old Dunkard Church, is an historic Church of the Brethren meeting house located on Hygiene Road  in Hygiene in the St. Vrain Valley of Boulder County, Colorado. In 1874, formal organization of the Church of the Brethren was held at the ranch home of Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Ullery led by the itinerant preacher, James R. Gish.</p><br>
<p>The first influx of Brethren came to Colorado from Iowa, settling south of Hygiene in Pella, Colorado. Rev. Jacob S. Flory left Greeley, Colorado with his wife and eight children to carry on the work of the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 land was donated for the church. In 1880, the building was erected of rough cut stone, which came from Lyons and was laid in courses of unequal thickness. The total cost of construction, including donated labor, was $2,000. The Hygiene Cemetery surrounded the church, with the original Pella Cemetery lying to the south. Church services were suspended in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the church was deeded to the Hygiene Cemetery Association, which began the work of restoring it. It is the oldest Brethren church still standing in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the church building and the land surrounding it were added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2004 the Hygiene Dunkard Church was awarded Landmark status in Boulder County.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln the Lawyer, also known as The Young Circuit Lawyer, Young Lincoln or simply Abraham Lincoln is a Lorado Taft sculpture now located on the 1000 block of Race Street, Urbana, Illinois across from Urbana High School in Carle Park. The statue was dedicated by Taft on July 3, 1927. It was moved to the eastern entrance of Carle Park on December 4, 1927, when it was first placed on a pedestal facing due east. Taft requested a slightly different placement, facing southeast, and the statue was moved about 20 feet north to the present site in December 1955. It was restored in 2003, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 10, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln had ridden as a circuit lawyer on the 8th Judicial Circuit through Urbana from 1837-1848. The statue was paid for by a bequest of Mrs. J.O. Cunningham who, with her husband, had been friends of Lincoln since his time as a circuit lawyer. The bequest of $10,000 was funded by the sale of her house on nearby Green Street. This amount was less than half of Taft&#39;s usual commission for work in bronze, but he may have accepted the commission because of his close ties to the community. He had been raised in nearby Champaign.</p><br>
<p>The Herndon Depot Museum, also known as the Herndon Historical Society Museum, is located in the town of Herndon in Fairfax County, Virginia. Built in 1857 for the Alexandria, Loudoun & Hampshire Railroad, the depot later served the Richmond and Danville Railroad, the Southern Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad. The structure is located at 717 Lynn Street, at the intersection of the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail and Station Street, north of Elden Street . The building is adjacent to Town Hall Square, which contains the Herndon Town Hall, built in 1939 as a Works Progress Administration project to house all of the Town&#39;s administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>The museum houses railroad memorabilia, information on United States Navy Commander William Lewis Herndon, for whom the town was named, and artifacts from the, from World War II, and from local residents. Website contains a video that shows the interior and exterior of the depot museum. The Herndon Historical Society operates the museum.</p><br>
<p>The depot was the site of a raid that Confederate Army Captain John S. Mosby led on St. Patrick’s day in March 1863. Mosby and his men surprised the Union Army picket guarding the station and captured officers, soldiers and horses with no Confederate casualties.</p><br>
<p>The railroad was an integral part of Herndon’s agricultural history as large dairy farms surrounded the village. Farmers would ship milk on the railroad daily to Washington for processing and distribution. The railroad station became a center of the community. Businesses sprang up around the station, attracted by the ready access to transportation. With the advent of cars, trucks and better roads, the railroad became less of a necessity for Herndon farmers and residents. The last major assignment for the railway was hauling sand to be used in the concrete mix for runways at Washington Dulles International Airport. The railroad and the depot closed in August 1968.</p><br>
<p>The depot building is a rectangular, one-story wooden vertical board and batten structure, measuring 70.5 x. Victorian style buttresses under the eaves are the building’s only decorative feature. The window and door framings and the two baggage doors are original, as are the semaphore and several pieces of hardware.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Its site is marked as part of the Virginia Civil War Trails program.</p><br>
<p>St. Elmo is a historic residence on the National Register of Historic Places, located in MidTown Columbus, Georgia at 2808 18th Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Seaborn Jones drew all the plans for his home and called it El Dorado, land of beauty. The house was begun in 1828 and completed in 1833. The materials used to build this house, with the exception of the marble and the mahogany, were taken from the property itself. A small lake now fills the place where the clay was removed. To this El Dorado, Colonel Seaborn Jones brought his wife and children, a daughter and a son, in 1833. In 1833, Henry L. Benning, an aspiring young lawyer, wrote a friend: "Above all things (I advise if you desire ease and happiness) marry. Marry a lady of accomplishment, i.e. worth $100,000. It will be better than quibbling. I am anxious to experiment at least." In 1839, Benning, for whom Fort Benning is named, married Colonel Seaborn Jones&#39;s daughter.</p><br>
<p>Many historic personages were entertained at El Dorado among them were President Millard Fillmore, President James K. Polk, Henry Clay, General Winfield Scott, and Edwin Booth. Also, here Mrs. Jones&#39;s niece, Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, finished her celebrated novel, St. Elmo. In 1878, the home was purchased by Captain and Mrs. James J. Slade who changed its name to St. Elmo in honor of the novel which it had inspired.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>At approximately 2:00 p.m. on October 5, 2011, a fire broke out in the basement wine cellar of St. Elmo. Apparently started by a single candle, the fire did extensive damage to the structure, but was repaired.</p><br>
<p>Carr Peak is the third-highest mountain in Cochise County, Arizona  and is the second-highest mountain in the Huachuca Mountains. It rises about 10 mi south of Sierra Vista, Arizona. The summit is in the Miller Peak Wilderness on the Coronado National Forest and about 4 mi south of the Nature Conservancy&#39;s Ramsey Canyon Preserve. The area is well known among birders because of the variety of hummingbird species  seen in the area as well as the dozens of southwestern specialties such as Apache pine, Chihuahua pine, ridge-nosed rattlesnake, lesser long-nosed bat and elegant trogon.</p><br>
<h2>Carr Peak Trail #107</h2><br>
<p>This trail is not only easy to get to, but it provides a relatively moderate hike to some of the best views in the Huachucas. In the process it also offers access to two of the highest points in southeastern Arizona, Carr Peak and (via the Crest Trail #103) Miller Peak. For these reasons, this combination of trails provides some of the most popular hiking on the Sierra Vista District.</p><br>
<p>Carr Peak Trail is conveniently accessible from both the Reef Townsite Campground and Ramsey Vista Campground on scenic Carr Canyon Road. The main trailhead is located at the edge of a parking area just outside Ramsey Vista Campground. Other means of access are provided by a short spur that comes directly out of the Ramsey Vista Campground, and the Old Sawmill Spring Trail from the parking lot across FR 368 from the Reef Townsite Campground.</p><br>
<p>Much of the 2,000 ft climb from the trailhead to the summit is through an area that has been burned by at least three wildfires, one in 1977 that scorched much of the upper reaches of the mountain range, a smaller one in 1991, and the Monument Fire in 2011. These areas of disturbance are well on their way to healing naturally as various shrubs, trees and wildflowers return to reclaim them. In places where a short time ago only ashes, burnt snags and bare dirt could be found, healthy communities of young aspens are already putting on brilliant displays of fall colors.</p><br>
<p>The trail offers good views of the upper reaches of Carr Peak and of Miller Peak across Miller Canyon. To get to the top of Carr Peak, you’ll need to follow the short but steep Carr Peak Spur. The main trail continues on to a connection with the Crest Trail, which offers access not only to Miller Peak, but to the rest of the Huachuca Mountains trail network.</p><br>
<p>The Holston is a condominium high-rise located at 531 South Gay Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Completed in 1913 as the headquarters for the Holston National Bank, the fourteen-story building was the tallest in Knoxville until the construction in the late 1920s of the Andrew Johnson Hotel, located a few blocks away. The Holston was designed by architect John Kevan Peebles, and today represents the city&#39;s only Neoclassical Revival-style high-rise. In 1979, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architecture and its prominent position in the Knoxville skyline.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1890, Holston National Bank had grown to become one of Knoxvilles three largest banks by 1913, when it built the first twelve stories of the Holston building. The thirteenth and fourteenth stories were added in 1928 after Holston National merged with Union National to create Knoxvilles largest bank, Holston-Union. The new bank failed in 1930 during the onset of the Great Depression, however, and was replaced the following year by the Hamilton National Bank of Knoxville. Over the next four decades, Hamilton National remained Knoxvilles largest bank, at times controlling over half of the citys banking resources. Hamilton National was seized by Jake Butcher&#39;s United American Bank in 1975 following a bid war, and the new bank moved its headquarters to the nearby Plaza Tower in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Holston is a fourteen-story building that stands on a 50 ft x 140 ft lot at the northwest corner of Gay Street and Clinch Avenue. Most of the building is built with buff yellow brick, with the exception of the first three stories of the Gay Street and Clinch Avenue facades, which are sheathed in Tennessee marble. The first two stories of the Gay Street facade are slightly recessed, with four Ionic columns spanning the recess, and a central entrance topped by a pediment and the Roman numerals MDCCCCXII ("1912"). The entrance and the first-floor windows are decorated with rosettes.</p><br>
<p>The buildings Clinch Avenue facade contains a row of Ionic pilasters which support an entablature adorned with triglyphs and metopes. The roof of the building is surrounded by an overhanging heavy metal cornice, which was part of the buildings 1913 design, and was raised to its present position in 1928 when the thirteenth and fourteenth stories were added. The edges of the cornice were originally decorated with acroterions, but these were later removed. A sculptured frieze spans the building&#39;s Gay Street and Clinch Avenue facades between the eleventh and twelfth floors.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Holston, although heavily renovated in 1977, still contains several original elements. The entrance foyer has a vaulted ceiling with plaster rosettes, and a frieze decorated with triglyphs and metopes. The lobby originally contained Greek and Art Deco motifs, but these were removed during the 1977 renovation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Holston National Bank was initially founded as a state-chartered bank, the Holston Banking and Trust Company, on January 17, 1890. The following year, after accumulating $100,000 of paid-in capital, the bank acquired a national charter, and reorganized as the Holston National Bank. H. M. Aiken served as the bank&#39;s first president, and was replaced by Hugh McClung in 1897. In 1900, the bank reported $100,000 in capital, $20,000 in surplus, and $250,000 in deposits, while maintaining $260,000 in loans.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, Holston National initiated construction of its new headquarters at 531 South Gay. The Holston building was designed by Norfolk, Virginia, architect John Kevan Peebles, and was built by the George A. Fuller Company of New York. The Knoxville-based Fenton Construction Company was responsible for the buildings marblework, and the Nashville-based Edgefield and Nashville Manufacturing Company did the interior woodwork. The building, which opened on June 16, 1913, surpassed the Burwell Building (located on the opposite corner of Gay and Clinch) as Knoxvilles tallest building.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, Holston National Bank merged with Union National Bank to form Holston-Union National. The new banks $16 million in assets made it by far Knoxvilles largest bank. That same year, Holston&#39;s long-time president, Joseph Gaut, stepped down, and was replaced by former Union National cashier J. Basil Ramsey.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, the Hamilton National Bank of Knoxville opened in the Holston building as a replacement for Holston-Union. Led by president Charles Preston (whose brother, president of the Hamilton National Bank of Chattanooga, had helped organize the bank), the new bank worked hard to regain the trust of Knoxvillians, many of whom had grown suspicious of banks, by ensuring that its reserves were greater than its outstanding loans. In 1940, Hamilton National controlled over half of Knoxvilles banking reserves, and remained the citys largest bank into the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In late 1974, Dean Moses, president of the Memphis-based Transcom and Financial, Ltd., and Jake Butcher, president of United American Bank, both tried to seize majority control of Hamilton National Bank, igniting a bid war that caused the banks stock price to skyrocket. In February 1975, Moses refused to match Butchers offer of $307 per share, and on February 19, Hamilton and United American merged. The new bank built the 27-story Plaza Tower a few blocks away for its new headquarters, but continued to operate a branch in the Holston. Butcher&#39;s banking empire collapsed in 1983 after he was charged with bank fraud.</p><br>
<p>During the twenty-first century, developer Dewhirst Properties converted the Holston into a luxury condominium high-rise. In 2008, a condo in the Holston became the first in Knoxville to sell for over one million dollars.</p><br>
<p>Old St Matthew&#39;s Church, Lightcliffe, is a former church in the village of Lightcliffe, West Yorkshire, England, of which only the tower remains. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is under the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building on the site was a chapel of ease called Eastfield Chapel, which was built in 1529. This was damaged during the Reformation, and repaired in 1536. The chapel was rebuilt as a church in Neoclassical style in 1775, and designed by William Mallinson of Halifax. It was replaced in the late 19th century by a new church a short distance away. The old church was then used as a mortuary chapel. It was severely damaged by a storm in the 1960s and its fabric deteriorated and the church suffered from vandalism. The Bishop of Wakefield wanted to have the whole church demolished. After negotiation, it was agreed that the diocese would pay for the demolition of the body of the church, while the Friends of Friendless Churches would be responsible for financing the repair and restoration of the tower. The Friends were granted a 99-year lease on the tower on 1 January 1974. The repair work was carried out by Marshalls of Elland and it was supervised by the Gothic expert Dr John Harvey. Further repairs were carried out in 1990 at a cost of £5,800.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The tower is square in cross-section and constructed in hammer-dressed stone with ashlar dressings. On the west face is a round-headed window with a circular window above. At belfry level is inscribed stone taken from an earlier church on the site. At the top of the tower is an octagonal cupola with a ball finial. Inside the tower are an inscribed stone dated 1529, benefaction boards, and a monument from 1830 designed by Richard Westmacott.</p><br>
<p>The Cursus Barrows is the name given to a Neolithic and Bronze Age round barrow cemetery located mostly south of the western end of the Stonehenge Cursus. The cemetery contains around 18 round barrows scattered along an east-to-west ridge, although some of the mounds are no longer visible. The Cursus Barrows can be seen just north of the route between the Stonehenge Visitor Centre and Stonehenge.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The round barrow cemetery extends 1200 metres east-to-west along a ridge and measures 250 metres wide. It comprises the round barrows recorded as Amesbury 43 to 56 and Winterbourne Stoke 28 to 30, plus the Fargo hengiform. Many of the barrows were excavated by Richard Colt Hoare in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Amesbury 43 and 44</h2><br>
<p>Amesbury 43 and 44 are a bell barrow and a twin bell barrow forming the eastern part of the Cursus round barrow cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 43</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 43 comprises a circular central mound 3.4 metres high and 25 metres wide which sits on a plinth and is surrounded by a concentric ring ditch. The overall diameter of the monument is around 60 metres. The barrow was excavated by William Stukeley in 1723 with little result. The north and eastern parts of the barrow mound were damaged by the construction of a turnpike road in the 18th century.</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 44</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 44 comprises two barrow mounds which are completely surrounded by a single ring ditch. The eastern mound is 1.6 metres high with a diameter of 15 metres, and the western mound is 2.3 metres high with a diameter of 17 metres. The outer ditch is 5 metres wide and 1 metre deep. Both mounds were dug into by Stukeley in 1723, and the western mound was re-excavated by William Cunnington in 1803. The eastern mound yielded a cremation in an urn accompanied by bronze, amber and shale objects, and the western mound yielded a burial and a cremation in a cist.</p><br>
<h2>Amesbury 45, 46, 47 and 48</h2><br>
<h3>Amesbury 45</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 45 is a large ditched bell barrow which still stands 3.5 metres high. The monument has an overall diameter of around 56 metres with a central mound which has a diameter of 26 metres. The mound was excavated by Colt Hoare in the early 19th century, who found a cremation close to a cist of black ashes with a few pieces of burnt bone.</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 46 and 47</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 46 and 47 ( and ) are a pair of bell barrows with overall diameters of 38 metres and 36 metres. The central mounds are each 20 metres in diameter and just under 2 metres high. The barrows are on an east-west alignment, and the ring ditches of the two mounds join with each other. Amesbury 46 was excavated by Colt Hoare who recovered burned bones with a small spear head. His excavations of Amesbury 47 revealed a simple burial of burned bones.</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 48</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 48 is a bowl barrow which also survives as an earthwork although it is now only 0.3 metres high. It includes an outer bank which survives as a slight earthwork 4 metres wide and 0.2 metres high. Excavations by Colt Hoare uncovered a cremation with beads of stone, amber and faience.</p><br>
<h2>Amesbury 49, 50 and 51</h2><br>
<h3>Amesbury 49</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 49 is a round barrow (or a bowl barrow) which survives as slight earthworks. It has a diameter of around 26 metres.</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 50</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 50 is a bowl barrow which survives as slight earthworks. The barrow comprises a central oval mound flanked by two asymmetric side ditches which have opposing entrances to the southwest and northeast. The barrow mound stands around 0.5 metre high and measures around 20 metres in diameter. It was excavated by Colt Hoare without result. The barrow was considered in good condition in 1913 but was damaged by ploughing in the mid-20th-century.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes project, which was engaged in mapping 14 km of the Stonehenge landscape, announced they had discovered a "henge-like" monument at this location. The discovery, found using ground-penetrating radar and magnetometers, suggested that the large circular ditch had been dug out in scoops (i.e. a causewayed ring ditch). There was also evidence for a ring of 24 one-metre wide pits around the inside edge of the ditch which may have supported a free standing wooden structure. The two opposing entrances across the ditch, in the southwest and northeast, suggest a similar alignment as Stonehenge. The central burial mound, in this interpretation, may have been built at a later date. These discoveries were reported by the mass media in 2010 as a "second henge" at Stonehenge, and it was even stated that Stonehenge&#39;s "twin" had been found. However, other archaeologists suggested that this hengiform monument may be "just a peculiar Bronze Age barrow".</p><br>
<h3>Amesbury 51</h3><br>
<p>Amesbury 51 is a reconstructed bell or bowl barrow with an overall diameter of approximately 36 metres. Excavations by Colt Hoare revealed a primary burial with a beaker and two secondary inhumations. It was excavated again in 1960 and finds included decayed leather, and a burial lying beneath a tapered board and accompanied by a long-necked beaker and various implements. It was interpreted as a possible mortuary house. The surrounding ditch was shown to be a causewayed ring ditch. Fragments of bluestone were found in the ditch silt. The barrow was considered in good condition in 1913 but was severely damaged by ploughing in the mid-20th century. However, following the 1960 excavations, the mound was reconstructed from the spoil to its current 1.5 metre height.</p><br>
<h2>Amesbury 52, 53, 54 and 112</h2><br>
<p>Amesbury 52 is a round barrow just east of the Fargo plantation. It is 0.7 metres high with a diameter of 25 metres. When excavated in the early 19th century Amesbury 54 revealed a primary burial with a beaker, flint spear head and polished hammer head. It is possibly a disc barrow, but the site must have been flattened by the early 19th century (since it was not recorded), and at a later date it was planted with trees.</p><br>
<h2>Fargo Hengiform</h2><br>
<p>The Fargo Hengiform is a small hengiform enclosure located within the Fargo Plantation. It consists of an irregular hollow with a diameter of about 8.5 metres. Excavations in 1938 revealed a small oval ditch with an external bank broken by causeways on the north and south. At the centre of the site was a grave containing a skeleton with a beaker, food vessel, and two cremations. Another cremation was found close to the inner edge of the ditch.</p><br>
<h2>Monarch of the Plain (Amesbury 55)</h2><br>
<p>The Monarch of the Plain is a very large Bronze Age bell barrow on the western edge of the Fargo plantation. It is 2.8 metres high with a maximum diameter of 58 metres. Excavation by Colt Hoare in the early 19th century found only charred wood.</p><br>
<h2>Amesbury 56 and Winterbourne Stoke 30</h2><br>
<p>Amesbury 56 and Winterbourne Stoke 30 are two barrows located within the western end of the Cursus. Amesbury 56 is a bowl barrow, or possibly a bell barrow, which is around 1.5 metres high and about 25 metres in diameter. It was excavated by Colt Hoare who found burials and grave goods, including a bronze dagger. It was excavated by Colt Hoare, who found a possible cremation. Winterbourne Stoke 30 was excavated again in 1958 demonstrating that it was a bell barrow with a central cremation pit. Burials of two children were found in the ditch of the barrow.</p><br>
<h2>Winterbourne Stoke 28 and 29</h2><br>
<p>Winterbourne Stoke 28 and 29 are a pair of largely destroyed bowl barrows to the west of the Fargo plantation. They were both excavated by Colt Hoare, who found a handled bronze awl and a collared urn in Winterbourne Stoke 28. During World War I a military base was constructed over the site destroying the two barrows. Some slight earthworks belonging to Winterbourne Stoke 28 are said to be still visible.</p><br>
<p>The Chemehuevi Wash is a large wash of northeast San Bernardino County in the southeast Mojave Desert. The wash enters the center-west bank of Lake Havasu on the California&ndash;Arizona border. Chemehuevi Wash drains the center of the Chemehuevi Valley and the regional landforms of washes, valleys and mountains is adjacent the northeast region of the Colorado Desert, the entire region south on the west side of the south-flowing Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 35-mile (56 km) long Chemehuevi Wash drains the center of Chemehuevi Valley; it begins southwest of the center of the Sacramento Mountains, with the water divide separating the northwest draining Ward Valley, a southwest tributary to the Piute Wash region west and northwest ot Needles. The Chemehuevi Wash and Valley drain southeasterly, then turn due east for about 12 miles.</p><br>
<p>The Chemehuevi Wash and Valley are about 15 mi wide and the change in direction of the drainage to due east to meet the west shore of Lake Havasu is caused by the blocks of mountains, the Turtle Mountains southwest, and the Whipple Mountains southeast; the large Whipple massif is also the cause of the change in the due-south course of the Colorado River changing from southeast, back to southwest. The Colorado River then continues mostly south, but again makes other turns before reaching the north of the Gulf of California.</p><br>
<h3>Stepladder Mountains Wilderness</h3><br>
<p>The Stepladder Mountains Wilderness, (Stepladder Mountains), is located in the center of Chemehuevi Valley, near the wash source regions in the northwest.</p><br>
<h3>Watersheds</h3><br>
<p>The Chemehuevi Wash Watershed is south of the Piute Wash of southeast Nevada and California. The watershed is a western tributary to the Havasu-Mohave Lakes Watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Godfrey M. Bockius House  is an Italianate—Victorian style house in a historic district</p><br>
<p>in Watsonville, California. It was built in 1870 by Judge Godfrey M. Bockius, and was inhabited later by descendant Frank F. Orr, former editor of the Register-Pajaronian. Today the historical district contains the house itself, headquarters of the Pajaro Valley Historical Association and on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the Volck Museum and Alzora Snyder Archive.</p><br>
<h2>Godfrey M. Bockius</h2><br>
<p>Judge Bockius was one of the prominent early leaders in the development of agriculture in the Pajaro Valley and in city government and commerce in the City of Watsonville. He was a judge in Santa Cruz County, California from 1858-1862. In 1868, Watsonville was incorporated and Judge Bockius served as Chairman of the first Board of Trustees of the city. In 1871, he was elected to the California State Assembly.</p><br>
<h2>Frank F. Orr</h2><br>
<p>Frank Orr, the last of four generations to inhabit the house, was editor of the Register Pajaronian newspaper which won a 1956 Pulitzer Prize in Public Service for his and others investigative reporting into a corrupt County District Attorneys involvement in gambling. The Alzora Snyder Archive includes numerous formerly classified photos from Mr. Orrs collection gathered during his service as Director of Still Picture Operations in the US Army Signal Corps during World War II, where he obtained the rank of Captain.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist&#39;s Chapel, Matlock Bath, is a former private chapel in Johns Road, off the A6 road between Matlock Bath and Matlock, Derbyshire, England. The chapel, together with its retaining and attached walls, is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The chapel was built in 1897 for Mrs Louisa Sophia Harris, and was designed by Guy Dawber; it was the only church designed by Dawber. Since being declared redundant it has been taken into the care of the charity, the Friends of Friendless Churches, to whom the freehold was conveyed on 15 March 2002. Since taking it over, the charity has arranged repairs, including rebuilding the gates and cleaning and repairing the chandeliers.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is constructed in rubble carboniferous limestone with ashlar gritstone dressings. Its plan consists of a single cell. On its south side is a bell turret with a lead-covered pyramidal roof. Also on the south side is an oriel window with mullioned lights. The chapel is entered through a west doorway in a porch that is continued round the north side to form a covered walkway. The internal fittings are in Arts and Crafts style. The decorated barrel-vaulted plastered ceiling was designed by George Bankart, the stained glass at the east end by Louis Davis, and the painted altarpiece by John Cooke. Dawber designed the perpendicular style rood screen, and probably the pulpit, pews, choir stalls and light fittings.</p><br>
<p>Mount Olomana or simply Olomana is a set of three mountainous peaks on the windward side of Oahu near Kailua and Waimanalo. While historically only the first peak was called Olomana and the second and third Paku&#39;i and Ahiki  respectively, most people call the entire section Olomana. Geologically speaking, Olomana is an erosional remnant from within the caldera of the Koʻolau Volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>In Hawaiian, Olomana means, "divided hill". According to ancient Hawaiian legend, Olomana was a giant warrior who ruled the lands on the Windward side of Oahu from Kualoa to Makapuu. During this time Ahuapau, the king of Oahu sent the great warrior Palila to battle Olomana, subsequently cutting Olomana in half. His upper torso was said to be in the Pacific Ocean near Kāneʻohe Bay leaving his lower half where Mount Olomana is today. According to the legend of Makalei, the peak Ahiki was named for one of Chief Olomanas favorite konohiki (headman), and the peak Pakui was named for the keeper of the ponds.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking trail</h2><br>
<p>The trail that spans the three peaks is approximately 2.5 miles with an elevation gain of 1,643 feet. The terrain is rugged with many areas only passable with the aid of ropes.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more experienced hikers will challenge themselves by climbing without the assistance of ropes. This is not suggested as it is extremely dangerous.</p><br>
<h2>Accidents</h2><br>
<p>Hiking Olomana can be hazardous especially in wet conditions between the second and third peak. In 2004 Jacqueline Turner, fell 150 feet but miraculously survived. Also on that day, another hiker, Mel Yoshioka, also fell while descending the backside of Olomana&#39;s second peak. He, too, survived. In April 2011, 44-year-old Ryan Suenaga, an experienced hiker, fell to his death in this same area and in January 2014, 27-year-old off duty Honolulu Fireman Mitchell Kai fell to his death along the same section. In June, 2015 a 52-year-old retired Navy man fell approx. 200 to his death, making it the 3rd casualty in 4 years on Olomana.</p><br>
<p>The LaSalle Street Auto Row Historic District is a set of fifteen buildings in Aurora, Illinois. The buildings reflect the growth of automobile retail in Aurora in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As demand for automobiles grew, dealerships opened to more easily provide consumers with product. Originally reserved for the rich, automobiles became a reality for middle-class families in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The first major concentration of automobile dealerships was on Broadway Street. As commercial demand increased for land on the street, the automakers moved their dealerships to cheaper land one block east, to LaSalle Street. The LaSalle Street Auto Row was still in the heart of the city, a trend typical of cities at the time.</p><br>
<p>The first commercial structure related to automobile retail was the Coates Garage at 52-54 S. LaSalle. By 1912, the street was already strongly associated with automobile retail. Between 1912 and 1921, LaSalle Street saw an increase of three automobile businesses to fifteen. Among the represented companies were Studebaker, Velie, Overland Automobile, and Buick. All of the buildings were built in the Commercial Style, the major architectural style for commercial buildings at the turn of the century. This style of architecture lacked the ornamentation of the previous Victorian-era structures.</p><br>
<p>LaSalle Street was a major automobile center until the mid-1920s, as other commercial enterprises purchased the lots. By 1952, only two automobile-related structures remained in use on LaSalle Street. Although the buildings no longer harbored automobile-related businesses, 70% of them were used for other purposes and were not demolished. Restorations in the 1990s installed early 1900s-era storefront windows in the district where they had been removed. The district was added to the National Register of Historical Places on August 1, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio is a residence and former painting studio in Mount Carmel, Utah. Maynard Dixon was a prominent artist in the 1920s through 1940s who is best known for his landscape paintings of the American West. He moved to Mount Carmel in 1939 shortly after marrying Edith Hamlin, a muralist from San Francisco, California. The Dixons spent their summers in the home and wintered in Tucson, Arizona. Maynard Dixon died in 1946, and Edith brought his ashes back to his Mt. Carmel home. Shortly afterward, Edith ordered the construction of a painting studio on the lot, where she created several of her notable works. Edith Dixon sold the home in 1963 to watercolor artist Milford Zornes, who occasionally used the studio. The property is on the National Register of Historic Places and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Maynard Dixon was born in 1875 in Fresno, California. He trained as an artist in the early 1890s and was a successful illustrator for the rest of the decade. Dixon admired the scenery of the American West and began to make tonalist and impressionist paintings of its landscapes. In the 1920s, he shifted to a Precisionism style, influenced by his then-wife Dorothea Lange. Many of Dixons works included Native Americans and sometimes lived in their reservations and the surrounding, undeveloped land. Dixon married Edith Hamlin, a noted muralist from San Francisco, California in 1937. Over two hundred of Dixons works were hosted in museums and art galleries before his death in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Dixons moved to Mt. Carmel, Utah in 1939. Maynard first visited the area in 1933 and made several paintings of the small town. Mt. Carmel also proved to be an ideal launching area for excursions to Zion National Park, a place that proved to be an inspiration for several of his most popular works. Maynard made plans to return to Mt. Carmel almost as soon as he married Edith. They purchased an adjoining lot and built a wine cellar and guesthouse. The Dixons spent summers in the Mt. Carmel home and wintered in Tucson, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Maynard Dixon last visited the home in 1945; his failing health from emphysema forced him to stay in Tucson that summer and he died in his Tucson residence on November 11, 1946. The next year, Edith buried his ashes beneath a boulder at the Mt. Carmel home and installed a memorial plaque. Edith continued to summer in the Mt. Carmel home, adding a large paint studio in 1948. She re-married in 1951 and moved back to San Francisco in 1953. She later painted the murals of Coit Tower. Edith sold the property to her friend, the famed watercolor artist Milford Zornes. Zornes occasionally used the property&#39;s studio for his own works. He sold the house to the Binghams, who restored the building and the property.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story log home with a stone foundation. The roof features steep gables and a tall chimney. Windows are double-hung, and the upper floor features a balcony. The upper floor can be accessed by an exterior staircase in the rear of the house. The garage, also steeply gabled, was the original living quarters for the Dixons while the main house was being constructed. Ediths studio is a vernacular one-story building with two rooms. The guesthouse was originally a log home with a flagstone extension added in the late 1940s or early 1950s. The wine and fruit cellar is in a hillside west of the residence and features built-in shelves. An outhouse was built in 1939, south of the main house; the house now has indoor plumbing. A trail from the studio leads to Maynard Dixons memorial, which remains on a hill. East of the studio lies a boulder, featuring Maynard&#39;s initials, that was one of his favorite spots. The grounds, which were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, are open to self-guided or guide-led tours for a donation.</p><br>
<p>Stillwell-Preston House, also known as Riverwind , is located in Saddle River, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1800 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1986. It began as a farmhouse. When improvements were made in the 1960s, square nails, handmade by a blacksmith, were removed from the walls. At one point, the house to the North on East Saddle River Road was once the carriage house for the estate and the house North of that was where the caretakers lived.</p><br>
<p>Martin Block, host of the "Make Believe Ballroom--so, arguably, the first disk jockey--once lived there. It was actually even larger, with a wing having been knocked down in the 1950s. Once owned by a retired Navy captain, he painted most of the interior battleship gray, since he had the paint and "help" available.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the home was owned by Fred Pfister (who named it "Riverwind"). Fred had previously owned the equally historic Fell House in nearby Allendale, New Jersey. Fred died in July 1969 and his wake was held in the majestic 60-foot-long living room because of his deep love of this beautiful home. His family lived there until 1972.</p><br>
<p>There are ten fireplaces, and those in the bedrooms were faced with carved marble imported from Italy.</p><br>
<p>Marden Henge  is the largest Neolithic henge enclosure discovered to date in the United Kingdom. The monument is located in Marden, Wiltshire, situated within the Vale of Pewsey between the World Heritage sites of Avebury and Stonehenge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is roughly oval in shape, and is enclosed by a typical bank and internal ditch arrangement constructed on the east, north and north-west sides and by the River Avon to the south and west. It encompasses an area of 14 hectare, and is under the care of English Heritage. Antiquarian accounts of the site describe a huge mound within the enclosure called Hatfield Barrow, which collapsed after excavation by William Cunnington in the early 19th century. Today, Marden Henge has been damaged by ploughing, and no longer has any standing stones.</p><br>
<p>Around 1 kilometre to the south, archaeologists have detected the presence of another henge known as Wilsford Henge.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The area was designated as a scheduled monument in 1953. The site was excavated by Geoff Wainwright in 1969; he excavated the north entrance and found a timber circle, and Grooved ware pottery, similar to Durrington Walls. The finds are at Wiltshire Museum in Devizes, where there is also a small display.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the henge and surrounding area were investigated through aerial, geophysical, and field survey. During the dig, a Neolithic building was discovered, described as the best preserved Neolithic building in England.</p><br>
<p>The site is included in a three-year investigation of the Pewsey Vale, beginning in 2015, by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Reading.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas River Valley  is a region in Arkansas defined by the Arkansas River in the western part of the state. Generally defined as the area between the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, the River Valley is characterized by flat lowlands covered in fertile farmland and lakes periodically interrupted by high peaks. Mount Magazine, Mount Nebo, and Petit Jean Mountain compose the Tri-Peaks Region, , a further subdivision of the River Valley popular with hikers and outdoors enthusiasts. In addition to the outdoor recreational activities available to residents and visitors of the region, the River Valley contains Arkansas&#39;s wine country as well as hundreds of historical sites throughout the area.It is one of six natural divisions of Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Definition</h2><br>
<p>The Arkansas River Valley is not formally defined along county boundaries, including all of Logan and Sebastian counties and portions of Conway, Franklin, Johnson, Perry, Pope, and Yell counties.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>Arkansas Valley Hills - North and east of the Arkansas River, sometimes associated with the Ozarks</p><br>
<p>Bottomlands - Low swamps and prairies along the Arkansas River itself, 10 mi wide in some places</p><br>
<p>Fort Smith metropolitan area - Sebastian, Crawford, and Franklin counties in Arkansas (also includes Le Fore and Sequoyah counties in Oklahoma)</p><br>
<p>Ozark National Forest - a small, discontinuous portion of the federally protected area is within the region</p><br>
<p>Tri-peaks Region - Region punctuated by three steep mountains: Mount Magazine, Mount Nebo and Petit Jean Mountain</p><br>
<p>Valley - south of the Arkansas River, level plains and gently rolling hills</p><br>
<p>Wine Country - American Viticultural Area near Altus</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Pre-Colonial era, the River Valley was inhabited by Native American tribes, including Caddo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Osage, Tunica, and Quapaw tribes. Most first encounters describe scattered villages and individual farmsteads in the River Valley, unlike the organized "towns" and groves and orchards encountered in eastern Arkansas. Much of what is known about these early societies has been uncovered by the Arkansas Archaeological Survey and the Arkansas Archaeological Society at Carden Bottoms in Yell County near the Arkansas and Petit Jean Rivers. Research at the site has linked artifacts to cave art (pictured at right) in a cave on Petit Jean Mountain, as well as establishing links to the Caddo, Osage, and Quapaw tribes.</p><br>
<p>Hernando de Soto became the first European explorer to enter Arkansas in 1541. His expedition of 600 Spanish explorers searching for gold and riches crossed into Arkansas across the Mississippi River, and explored the state for the next two years. The expedition traveled to Tanico, an important city somewhere in the River Valley, in September 1542. The following month, the expedition fought with a tribe referred to as the Tula somewhere near Fort Smith. This fighting apparently caused de Soto to turn the expedition back east, leaving the River Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<h3>Reconstruction through New South</h3><br>
<p>Following the war, the Southern economy was in shambles, including Arkansas. The cost of the war effort, loss of human capital, and Confederate currency losing value were serious issues for the South in addition to the destruction of property, infrastructure, and crops. Many parts of Arkansas had descended into lawlessness and violence between whitecapping groups (including the Ku Klux Klan), freedmen, Republicans, and unaffiliated bandits taking advantage of the chaos. Indicative of the disarray, Radical Republican Governor Powell Clayton declared martial law in ten counties following reelection in 1868. Although no River Valley counties were initially subject to the proclamation, Clayton later added four more counties, including one partial-River Valley county, Conway County. Since settlement, the River Valley had been a largely cashless society with significantly less reliance on slave labor compared to plantation agriculture areas like the Arkansas Delta and elsewhere in the Deep South. The Klan had limited support, and much of the area was viewed steadily Republican.</p><br>
<p>Due to its relatively strong position following the Civil War, the River Valley attracted new settlement throughout Reconstruction. Populations of Austrian Catholics, German Catholics, and German Catholics and Lutherans were relocating to the River Valley. Some immigrated directly from Europe, but most came from early settlements in the Ohio River Valley. The Lutherans generally immigrated in organized companies, where the Catholics came independently, although some Catholic settlements like Clarksville and Subiaco were founded by organized groups. These settlements received support from existing immigrant populations in Little Rock and Fort Smith, and groups of Protestant settlers also establishing settlements in the area. Several of the River Valley&#39;s small towns were founded by these groups, beginning as small clusters of immigrants and evolving into cohesive communities.</p><br>
<p>Many immigrants came to the River Valley searching for agricultural prosperity, particularly by farming cotton, which could fetch high prices at market and quickly turn a farm into a profitable enterprise. Upon arriving in the region, many found only densely forested upland to be the only property they could afford. River Valley soil and climate are much less conducive to cotton cultivation than the Arkansas Delta, and many settlers struggled. Eventually, a preference for mixed farming emerged, including potatoes and other garden vegetables, to protect against a poor cotton crop sending a farm into economic ruin.</p><br>
<h4>Coal Mining</h4><br>
<p>Coal mining was an important industry in the River Valleys early history. Dangerous and demanding, the industry attracted Swiss and German immigrants who were unable to establish productive farms. Mining became prominent by 1873, especially around the Altus area. The Swiss and German immigrants found the rolling hills similar to the topography of their homeland. Due to the climate, fertile soil and immigrants accustomed to wine with their meals, several wineries were established in the River Valley. The German community thrived with coal mining and railroad work driving the local economy. The Central Collegiate Institute was established in Altus in 1876 (now known as Hendrix College in Conway) and Hiram and Lydia College in 1890 (which went defunct in 1906). However, the railroads prominence declined during the Great Depression, shrinking Altuss economy and population. Today, the Altus Area Coal Miners Memorial is a series of five sculptures paying homage to area coal miners, with the names of over 2,500 local miners engraved at the site. Greenwood also has a Coal Miner&#39;s Memorial near the town square, with a restored coal railroad car and names of Sebastian County coal workers engraved on site.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the county, cotton and timber had given way to strawberry, hay, and cattle. However, competition introduced into the market by the railroads allowed farmers in Texas and other states to undercut the prices offered by River Valley farmers. An exploration period for a new regional crop tested beans, legumes, and tomatoes before settling on mustard greens and spinach. The spinach and greens products allowed Alma to leverage its existing fruit canning facility owned by the Alma Canning and Evaporating Company, which had been in the area since 1888. In 1987, Alma claimed the title of "Spinach Capital of the World" and erected a Popeye statue in front of the Chamber of Commerce building.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<h3>Cities</h3><br>
<p>The most populous city within the River Valley is Fort Smith, the principal city of the Fort Smith metropolitan area that also includes Van Buren and Alma. Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas, and serves as a regional hub for culture, health care and transportation. Approximately 84 mi east, Russellville was the 16th largest city in Arkansas at the 2010 Census. The city is an important economic, education and population center in the state. Other cities in the River Valley are mostly of county-level significance, gateways to nearby recreational sites or small rural settlements. Cities such as Booneville, Clarksville, Morrilton, Paris, and Perryville serve as cultural and economic centers within the rural counties of the River Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The River Valley has generally mild winters and hot, humid summers. Temperatures are generally warmer than in the Ozarks and cooler than Central Arkansas, although the wide variance in elevation in the River Valley can create locally different climactic conditions. The western portion of the River Valley (i.e., around Fort Smith) is situated near an area known as Tornado Alley in the central United States.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Vineyards and wineries around Altus have been in the same family for generations. The River Valley&#39;s first wineries date to the postbellum era, when they were founded to produce wine for the Swiss and German immigrants relocating to the area to work in coal mines. This culture lives on today in the five vineyards still in operation. The Chateau Aux Arc Vineyards and Winery is the largest US Chardonnay producer outside of California, and the largest Zinfandel producer in Arkansas. Mount Bethel Winery has been in operation for over 100 years, and offers a tasting, tour and gift shop for visitors. The Post Winery has been in the Post family for five generations. Visitors can buy wines, tour the winery and watch the production process.</p><br>
<h3>Arts</h3><br>
<p>The Alma Performing Arts Center is the largest and most popular performing arts venue in the River Valley. In Russellville, the Arkansas River Valley Arts Center offers visual arts as well as art classes and infrequent performances. The Greenwood Performing Arts Center has over 1,000 seats and is used for various performances in the city. In Clarksville, the Walton Fine Arts Center on the campus of the University of the Ozarks offers university theater, performers, and speakers to patrons. The Stephens Gallery hosts exhibits of glass and ivory carvings. In Van Buren, the King Opera House is a restored 1880s opera house, now holding various events throughout the year.</p><br>
<h3>Annual cultural events</h3><br>
<p>The River Valley is home to several annual cultural events, including art, history, music, and traditional heritage festivals. Many events are held at the state parks and on town squares throughout the River Valley.</p><br>
<p>Petit Jean State Park hosts an annual Wildflower Weekend in April and a Rendezvous the weekend after Thanksgiving. The Museum of Automobiles atop Petit Jean Mountain hosts annual Antique Auto Show and Swap Meet events in June and September. Mount Magazine hosts an annual International Butterfly Festival in June, Frontier Days in October, and is the final destination on the Peak to Peak Poker Run, which begins at Queen Wilhelmina State Park in May.</p><br>
<p>Adona Bluegrass Festival in Adona, second weekend in July</p><br>
<p>Fourche River Days in Perryville, April. Car show and festival entertainment.</p><br>
<p>Global Village Day at Heifer International, October.</p><br>
<p>Jammers Reunion in Adona, April. Bluegrass festival.</p><br>
<p>The Alma Spinach Festival held on the third weekend in April pays homage to Alma&#39;s reputation as "Spinach Capital of the World".</p><br>
<p>In Clarksville, the Johnson County Peach Festival is the longest-running festival in Arkansas. Held annually in July, the festival offers peach pit spitting contest and a terrapin derby in addition to a parade and traditional food and craft vendors.</p><br>
<p>The Wiederkehr Weinfest in Wiederkehr Village is a free harvest festival held annually in October, including wine tasting, vineyard tours, music, polka dancing, traditional German cuisine and other festival entertainment. First held in 1963, Weinfest is one of the most popular festivals in the region.</p><br>
<p>Two major yard-sale events, Bargains Galore on Highway 64 and Big To Do on Highway 22, happen annually in the River Valley. Residents and businesses along the highways offer items for sale to visitors and residents traveling two of the main east-west highways in the River Valley.</p><br>
<h4>County Fairs</h4><br>
<p>Conway County, September</p><br>
<p>Johnson County, August</p><br>
<p>North Franklin County, October</p><br>
<p>North Logan County, August</p><br>
<p>Perry County, September</p><br>
<p>Pope County, September</p><br>
<p>Sebastian County, August</p><br>
<p>South Franklin County, September</p><br>
<p>South Logan County, September</p><br>
<p>Yell County, September</p><br>
<p>Arkansas/Oklahoma State Fair (at Fort Smith), September–October</p><br>
<h3>Museums</h3><br>
<p>A host of regional and local history museums preserve and interpret the history and culture of the River Valley&#39;s early settlers, small towns, historic events, and rural residents.</p><br>
<p>Altus Heritage House Museum 106 N. Franklin in Altus. Pays homage to the early settlement history of Swiss and German immigrants to the region, with emphasis on the coal mining industry. Housed in an original German-American State Bank and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>Arkansas Historic Wine Museum, 101 N. Carbon City Rd in Paris. Museum preserves and interprets the history of the wine industry in Arkansas, including equipment for pressing, fermenting, storing, and labeling.</p><br>
<p>Arkansas Tech University Museum, 1502 N. El Paso Street in Russellville. Details transformation from establishment of 2nd District Agricultural School in 1909 to Arkansas Tech University.</p><br>
<p>Arkansas Tuberculosis Sanatorium Museum, 256 Carey Rd in Booneville. Preserves a 1910 tuberculosis treatment facility that became the largest in the US by 1940. Museum exhibits detail the history, research, patients, staff, and period medical implements.</p><br>
<p>Belle Museum and Chapel, 322 E. Main Street in Charleston</p><br>
<p>Charleston National Commemorative Site 125 W. Main Street in Charleston. Honors the Charleston School District as the first public school system to integrate within The South. Following the May 1954 USA Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the school board ordered the integration of grades 1-12 in August 1954. Successful integration without violence wasn&#39;t noticed by the press until three weeks after school began.</p><br>
<p>Evans Museum, 6335 N. Highway 109 in Magazine</p><br>
<p>Fort Smith National Historic Site, 301 Parker Avenue in Fort Smith. Contains two restored forts, a jail, and a former courtroom to tell the story of frontier life and justice in Fort Smith.</p><br>
<p>John P. McConnell Exhibit, 419 N. Kennedy in Booneville. Exhibit honors the former United States Air Force Chief of Staff during the Vietnam War, who was born in Booneville</p><br>
<p>Johnson County Historical Society Heritage Center, 131 W. Main Street in Clarksville</p><br>
<p>Logan County Coal Miners Memorial and Museum, 804 S. Elm Street in Paris</p><br>
<p>Logan County Museum, 202 N. Vine Street in Paris</p><br>
<p>Old Jail Museum, 305 E. Center Street in Greenwood</p><br>
<p>Ozark Area Depot Museum, 103 E. River Street in Ozark</p><br>
<p>United States Marshals Museum, 14 N Third Street in Fort Smith</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>The River Valley contains a large quantity of protected areas, with broad diversity across the region and several different managing agencies.</p><br>
<p>Near Booneville, Blue Mountain Lake offers a variety of recreational opportunities. The Blue Mountain Wildlife Demonstration Area is a bird-dog field training center of international renown. The Jack Creek Recreation Area and Knopper&#39;s Ford Recreation Area offer well-known Arkansas swimming holes as well as hiking, camping and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Near Clarksville, the Spadra Waterfront Marina offers RV camping, boat rentals, and guided trips along Spadra Creek. North of Clarksville, Lake Ludwig offers swimming, boating and fishing to visitors.</p><br>
<p>South of Dardanelle, the Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge protects over 7,000 acre of bottomland and wetland surrounded by a cutoff meander of the Arkansas River. Wintering waterfowl and other migrating species use the area as a safe haven during their journey. The NWR offers a driving tour with interpretative signs.</p><br>
<p>On the Fourche LaFave River near Ola, the Nimrod Lake is managed by the USACE as a crappie fishing destination and camping area.</p><br>
<p>Near Ozark, the Aux Arc Park offers boating access to the Arkansas River and RV sites.</p><br>
<p>Ozark Lake, formed on the Arkansas River southwest of Mulberry, is surrounded by a WMA</p><br>
<p>Flatside Wilderness Area</p><br>
<p>Illinois Bayou River</p><br>
<p>Lake Dardanelle State Park</p><br>
<p>Lake Overcup</p><br>
<p>Mount Magazine State Park</p><br>
<p>Mount Nebo State Park</p><br>
<p>Mulberry River</p><br>
<p>Ozark Highlands Trail</p><br>
<p>Petit Jean State Park</p><br>
<p>Shores Lake/White Rock Mountain</p><br>
<p>Springhill Park Mountain Bike Trail</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The United States Forest Service operates both the Ouachita National Forest and the Ozark National Forest within the region, offering trails, camping, and fishing over thousands of acres of public land. The state operates four parks within the region: Lake Dardanelle State Park, Mount Magazine State Park, Mount Nebo State Park, and Petit Jean State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Indian Lake</h2><br>
<p>Indian Lake is a small lake located in Indian Lake Township, Nobles County. The lake is an oblong body of water that extends north-to-south for approximately 3/4 mile. The width is approximately 1/2 mile. The lake area is 204 acre. The average depth is 4.48 ft, and the maximum depth is 6 ft. The elevation of the lake is 1,536 ft, or 468.17 meters.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was named Indian Lake due to the fact that settlers found Native Americans encamped along the lakes shores when they first arrived in 1869. A dozen years earlier, a band of Indians led by Inkpaduta, the group responsible for the 1857 Spirit Lake Massacre, lived along the shores of the lake. Indeed, the women and children of Inkpadutas band were camped at Indian Lake when the massacre was taking place. Inkpaduta later fled westward, joining up with the Lakotas. He became a close friend of Sitting Bull, and participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the defeat of George Armstrong Custer. It is believed that Inkpaduta died in Canada in 1881 or 1882.</p><br>
<p>Issac Horton, a pioneer settler, was the first to take up permanent residence along the shores of Indian Lake. He had been renting a farm near Spirit Lake, Iowa and frequently came to the Indian Lake region to hunt elk. On May 6, 1869, he filed a preemption claim to the eastern half of section 34 of Indian Lake Township. His claim included the eastern shore of Indian Lake. He erected a cabin of logs cut from his claim, and resided there for 17 years. Horton eventually sold his claim and purchased the southwest quarter of Indian Lake Township section 22 where he resided until his death in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the years, Indian Lake has remained entirely rural. It is surrounded by farm land, and several farm families have built homes overlooking the lake. Nobles County maintains one park, Hawkeye Park, along the shores of Indian Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing in Indian Lake</h2><br>
<p>Despite being fairly shallow, Indian Lake is well-stocked with several varieties of fish. Black crappies and white crappies are the most common fish. Black crappie lengths range from 7.4 to 12.6 in and average just over 10 in. White crappies range from 8.1 to 12.6 and average 10.5 in. The lake is stocked yearly with fingerling-sized walleye, and the total lengths range from 12.6 to 22.5 in and averaged 14.7 in. Northern pike have only been stocked once (February 2001) in the last 14 years. Total lengths range from 17.3 to 27.4 in and average 20.6 in. A total of 12 species of fish have been sampled in Indian Lake, including bigmouth buffalo, black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, common carp, freshwater drum, northern pike, walleye, white crappie, white sucker, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>Public access to Indian Lake can be found on the southwestern side of the lake at Hawkeye Park. This park is maintained by Nobles County and consists of 5.4 acre developed and 35.7 undeveloped acres. The park includes a paved boat ramp.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office and Court House in Tulsa, Oklahoma, also known as Federal Building, is a federal building of the United States government completed in 1917 and located at 224 South Boulder Avenue. The supervising architect for both the original construction and a substantial extension completed in 1933 was James A. Wetmore. The building houses a post office and housed the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma from 1917 to 1925, when the districts were reconfigured and it became a courthouse of the Northern District of Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>Built in the Classical Revival style, the building has been described as "the postal beauty of the southwest… a marble, bronze and granite memorial to its builders".</p><br>
<p>It served historically as a post office, as a courthouse, and as a government office building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The post office and courts relocated to the Page Belcher Federal Building, after it was completed. The former post office building was remodeled, then occupied by the Army Corps of Engineers in the mid 1960s. The building was remodeled again in 1996, after the Corps of Engineers moved to another location. It is now occupied by the U. S. Bankruptcy Court, the National Labor Relations Board and some district court judicial offices.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 2000, as United States Post Office and Courthouse. The building was also identified as a contributing structure for the Oil Capital Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Hamblin House is a historic residence and museum located in Santa Clara, Utah, near St. George, Utah. Jacob Hamblin was a Mormon pioneer and missionary who founded Santa Clara in 1854. After a flood destroyed the town, a group of missionaries constructed a new home for him on a hillside. It is now open as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Hamblin was born in 1819 in Ashtabula County, Ohio. His family moved to Wisconsin in 1836, and got married three years later. In February 1842, Hamblin met a group of preachers of Mormonism; only days later, he officially joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Mormon officials immediately recognized his leadership gifts and offered Hamblin the chance to join them in Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1844, the residents of Nauvoo were split over the issue of plural marriage, leading to the arrest of Joseph Smith, Jr. A believer in plural marriage, Hamblin took a second wife, Rachel Judd. A mob of men assassinated Smith while he was in jail, resulting in the succession crisis. Hamblin supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as President of the Church. Following growing anti-Mormon sentiment around Nauvoo, Hamblin migrated west with Young on the Mormon Trail.</p><br>
<p>Hamblin first settled in Tooele, Utah Territory, where he befriended several local Native Americans. His amicable relations with the natives did not go unnoticed—Brigham Young commissioned Hamblin to serve a mission to the Paiutes (believed by the Mormons to be Lamanites). Serving the Paiutes was not only intended to spread the religion, but also to recruit soldiers for the anticipated Utah War. Hamblin moved to the southern reaches of the territory and founded the settlement of Santa Clara in 1854. After taking a group of Paiute to Salt Lake City (and taking another wife, Pricilla Leavitt), he encountered John D. Lee, who had just organized the Mountain Meadows massacre of the Baker-Fancher party. Horrified (source?) by the slaughter, Hamblin recovered all of the surviving children from the party and brought them back to Santa Clara. However, an 1897 account of the massacre by one of the 17 child survivors, Rebecca Dunlap Evins, identified Hamblin as "the only white man that she saw who belonged to the massacring party." She also saw white men disguised as Indians washing paint off their faces (Fort Smith, Ark., Elevator, August 20, 1897). Rebecca Dunlap was 6 at the time of the massacre of 120 emigrants, and she and two siblings were "rescued" (her word) from Hamblin two years after the massacre and returned to Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>A flood inundated the entire settlement of Santa Clara and forced the residents to construct new homes. Hamblin was away on mission at the time, but a group of missionaries were sent to the town to provide housing and care for his family. The John Hamblin home was completed later that year. Sandrock was quarried from hills near the home and was assembled by masons from Iron City. The two-story residence was built on a hillside, allowing access to the second floor from atop the hill. A porch on each floor stretches across the front (south end) of the house. Identical rooms were constructed on opposite ends of the house, to accommodate Hamblin&#39;s two wives, each with a fireplace and staircase to the second floor. Hamblin later married three other wives, who all moved into the residence. Hamblin was called to serve the Kanab region in 1871, and leased the house to a Mr. Bauman.</p><br>
<p>The Utah State Parks and Recreation Division repossessed the house in 1959 and converted it to a museum. With help from the LDS Church, 1860s replica furniture was provided for the house. Although Santa Clara features several early Mormon houses, the Jacob Hamblin House is the only one open to the public. Mormon missionaries provide free tours through the property.</p><br>
<p>Meadowlands, at 274 Middlesex Road in Darien, Connecticut, also known as DCA Meadowlands or the Darien Community Association House, enjoys a long, distinguished history. The original house was owned by Mary and Frank Green, a wholesale grocer from New York City. Green built his expansive home in the Victorian style in 1876 and resided there until 1915. The home was then bought in 1918 by Charles D. Lockwood, one of the founders of the law firm Cummings and Lockwood. Covering 52 plus acres, the property extended from Middlesex Road and Leroy Avenue to West Avenue. The property operated as a farm with cattle, chickens and fruit trees. The house at that time had on the 1st floor a parlor, library, hall, dining room, butlers pantry, china closet, and kitchen; 2nd floor included four bedrooms, all with adjoining baths; and the 3rd floor held one large bedroom and three servants rooms.</p><br>
<p>After being sold and resold several times, in 1930 the house was bought by Alice and James H. Stark of New York City. The Starks soon initiated a large-scale renovation project for the home that remodeled it to the Georgian Colonial Revival style (also referred to as the Regency style), abandoning the homes original Victorian style features. Donald G. Tarpley was the lead architect. The new home consisted of 22 rooms, including eight bedrooms on the second floor and several servant rooms on the thrift floor. The remodeling also saw the establishment of the homes notable landscaped gardens.</p><br>
<p>The gardens were designed by one of the premier landscape architects of the early twentieth century, Ellen Biddle Shipman. Shipman designed many gardens for prominent industrialists of the early twentieth century. Her garden designs revealed the importance she placed on privacy, with the garden serving as a secluded retreat from daily life. Shipman’s gardens are also noted for their borders, which Shipman frequently used along with old-fashioned plant varieties to create the feeling of a “grandmother’s garden.” Called the “dean of American women landscape architects” by House & Garden magazine, Shipman designed more than 650 gardens across the United States during the first half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The property changed ownership several times before eventually being sold to The Darien Community Association, Inc. (DCA) by Meylert M. Armstrong in 1950, concluding the DCA’s long search for a permanent home. The original 52 acre property was split up, with the DCA purchasing seven plus acres. Over the years, renovations have been made to the structure to make it more of a gathering place for the community. The need for an even larger assembly space resulted in construction of the Garden Wing, which was completed and dedicated in 1966 to help create a setting for many weddings, parties, lectures and general programs.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation was done in 2000 to add a state-of-the-art kitchen and other structural enhancements, which further added to the DCA’s appeal. The home became a popular setting for weddings and other celebrations. In 2011 the DCA began a restoration project on the first floor, which had begun to show its wear, with careful attention placed on adhering to the style of the house. The DCA was assisted in this by Michelle Canning, both a highly respected interior designer as well as an active member of the DCA. Existing furniture was painstakingly refinished with top quality fabric, donated by Michelle. The rooms have been updated with new paint and paper, evocative of the Georgian design. In 2013-2014, two large capital projects were completed: the installation of parking lot lighting, and renovation of the Garden Wing bathrooms as well as the powder rooms across from the library.</p><br>
<p>Currently the DCA Meadowlands is a 15,000 square foot, Regency-style estate situated on eight acres of property. The facilities include a spacious Garden Wing with attached commercial kitchen, boardroom and intimate library, and rooms which look out to its formal garden. The property also includes a working Lord and Burnham greenhouse (original to the estate), and a four acre bird sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Vidal Valley is a 20-mile  long valley in the far eastern Colorado Desert bordering the Colorado River. Most of the valley is in eastern San Bernardino County, California, but the outfall on the Colorado River is in northeast Riverside County. Vidal Valley forms the large border of the south side of the east-west block of the Whipple Mountains massif, the landform that forces the Colorado to flow southeast, then back southwest. The southeast exit of the valley into Parker Valley on the Colorado River skirts the north end of the Riverside Mountains . The Colorado River Aqueduct crosses the midpoint of the valley at Vidal Junction, California. The Vidal Valley also lies due east of the Danby Dry Lake landform.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Vidal Valley is bordered by the Whipple Mountains on the northeast and the Riverside Mountains on the south. The valley drains mostly northwest-to-southeast, with its outfall into a southwest-flowing section of the Colorado River. The north of the valley is bordered on the west by the Turtle Mountains, and the south side of the Chemehuevi Valley. The center point of the valley, both east-west and north-south is at Vidal Junction located at USA Route 95 in California and California State Route 62. Vidal Junction is located at 34&deg;11&prime;20&Prime;N latitude, 114&deg;34&prime;26&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<h3>Natural history</h3><br>
<p>The Vidal Valley is in the climate, ecoregion, and plant community transition zone to the higher Mojave Desert on the north from the lower-elevation Colorado Desert on the south.</p><br>
<h3>Watersheds</h3><br>
<p>The Vidal Valley watershed enters the Colorado River opposite the Bouse Wash Watershed in western Arizona. Both watersheds enter the Parker Valley, mostly occupied by the Colorado River Indian Reservation. As desert washes, typically little or no water flows at the outfall points into the Colorado River, except during rainstorm events. Both the Vidal Valley and the Bouse Wash are in the north of the Imperial Reservoir Watershed.</p><br>
<p>The headwater region of the valley is north of Vidal Junction; the water divide is east of the Turtle Mountains, and due west of the east-west trending Whipple Mountains block. North of the water divide is the southside of Chemehuevi Valley and Chemehuevi Wash.</p><br>
<p>The St. George Tabernacle is a historic building in St. George, Utah. It opened in 1876 to serve as a public works building, originally hosting church services and court hearings. Today, it is open to the public and hosts many public events, such as concerts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement of St. George, Utah Territory was seen to be an important site for the future of the LDS church. It was intended to be a cotton-growing town to allow the Mormons to be self-sufficient. The arid climate of Utah&#39;s Dixie resulted in poor harvests, resulting in economic hardship. LDS leader Brigham Young then commissioned the construction of public works buildings in the area to assist the farmers.</p><br>
<p>The tabernacle was intended to work as a church and a courthouse. Funds for the building were raised by diverting all tithes from Beaver and all communities southward. Construction began on June 1, 1863. The building was opened on May 14, 1876, with a dedication ceremony featuring Brigham Young, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Miles Romney, a relative of noted English portrait artist George Romney, created the plans for the building. The main clock and bell tower stands 140 ft tall. Basement walls were 3 ft thick and the above-ground walls are 2.5 ft thick. The red sandstone bricks used to construct the building were intended to match the surrounding red cliffs. Inside, ceilings rise 29 ft high with a plaster cornice, supported by twenty columns. A gallery was built ten feet off the ground on the north, south, and east walls, with two circular staircases serving the east end. An organ was added in 1878. All materials were local, except for windows, shipped from Wilmington, California. When completed, the church could seat 1,200 people. The clock tower was originally used by the city residents to tell time.</p><br>
<p>The tabernacle still stands and earned the nickname "jewel of the desert". It underwent restoration in 1993 to help it resemble its original state. The building is open to the public and hosts church services and local events, such as public concerts.</p><br>
<p>Lake Elizabeth, located in Fremont, California, is a man made 83 acre lake. When at average capacity, water rises to a depth of about seven feet.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Lake Elizabeth was named when it and the surrounding Central Park were dedicated to Fremonts sister city, Elizabeth, South Australia. Central Park and the lake are visited by hundreds of people every day, and the lake is commonly used for boating and other recreational activities too. The park is home to a large number of birds such as American coots, mallards, gulls, and also some very unusual birds who live near the small forest on the northern side of the park or on the small island (often called Duck Island), inaccessible to land bound visitors, in the center of the lake. Many people come to bicycle or jog around the lakes perimeter, and many families come for the two playgrounds in the park and the other three that it connects to by walkway. The Aqua Adventure water park lies in Central Park on the southern shore of Lake Elizabeth.</p><br>
<h2>Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>A pair of tunnels were constructed under the lake by BART for the Warm Springs/San Jose BART extension.</p><br>
<p>Beallsville Historic District is a 40 acre historic district in Beallsville, Pennsylvania. It is designated as a historic district by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The district covers a "typical pike town" of the National Road through this area, meeting criteria laid out in a Multiple Property Submission study. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>In the western part of the district the buildings are largely vernacular with Greek Revival or Federal architectural influences showing in many, from the National Road era of 1818-1852. The eastern part of the district includes larger Italianate and Queen Anne style houses from later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Significant properties in the district include:</p><br>
<p>984 Maiden Street, the oldest building in the district, a log building from 1788 that was home of town founder Zephaniah Beall</p><br>
<p>the 1821 Greenfield Stand, a.k.a. Greenfield Tavern, at 2848 Maiden Street</p><br>
<p>the John Hough House, at 2852 Main Street, an "unassuming" house of a tollkeeper on the road</p><br>
<p>Beallsville Methodist Church, from 1874</p><br>
<p>Cement City Historic District is a historic district in Donora, Pennsylvania. The district includes 80 Prairie School concrete residences built in 1916-17. The homes served as housing for employees of the American Steel and Wire Company. Poured-in-place concrete houses had become popular in large-scale housing developments at the time, partly thanks to promotion by Thomas Edison; the homes built in Donora used a newly patented construction method from the Lambie Concrete House Corporation. Building the houses required a combined 10,000 barrels of Portland cement.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. In 1997, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker on McKean Ave. (Pa. 837) in South Donora, noting the historic importance of the community. It is designated as a historic district by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. Many of the original cement homes are still standing today, and currently serve as private residences.</p><br>
<p>The Hudson Downtown Historic District is a historic district comprising the downtown area of the city of Hudson in westernmost Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on January 21, 1974. It was later added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 24, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district traces its origins to the founding of Hudson with the arrival of the railways in 1837. Merchants opened establishments at this location on the Tiffin River in the early 1840s, and by 1853, hudson was organized as a village. Hudson served as an important trading center from 1854–1891. Most of the original wooden buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1858, and two and three story brick buildings replaced them. Another fire in 1864 destroyed much of the remaining wooden building stock. The oldest remaining building in the district is the J. K. Boise Dry Goods Company (Hudson Dry Goods) block located on the southeast corner of West Main and Church streets, which dates from 1854-1855.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hudson Downtown Historic District encompasses West Main Street (M-34) between Howard Street on the west and Market Street on the east. It extends to the north to Railroad Street and south to Seward Street. The Dr. Leonard Hall House was located at 334 West Main Street within the district, although that property has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The district includes fifty structures, most of which are architecturally significant representations of the kind of buildings that were commonly erected in the nineteenth century in small midwestern towns. The majority of the buildings are two- and three-story commercial structures designed to house businesses and office space. These are primarily brick, although some older frame structures still stand on Church Street.</p><br>
